Time management in project management - Revision history

SA: /* Parkinson's law */

2023-05-09T15:20:10Z

Parkinson's law

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:20, 9 May 2023
Line 32:		Line 32:
	=== Parkinson's law ===		=== Parkinson's law ===
	In 1955 Cyril Northcote Parkinson wrote a book named “Parkinson’s Law: The Pursuit of progress”. In the book, the author describes a woman whose task for the day is to send a single postcard. The woman spends the day completing the task by dragging her activities out to fill the day.		In 1955 Cyril Northcote Parkinson wrote a book named “Parkinson’s Law: The Pursuit of progress”. In the book, the author describes a woman whose task for the day is to send a single postcard. The woman spends the day completing the task by dragging her activities out to fill the day.
	This is one of the extreme examples, but we have all been affected by Parkinson’s law to some extent.[[File:Parkinsons_law.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Parkinson's Law]]		This is one of the extreme examples, but we have all been affected by Parkinson’s law to some extent.[[File: Parkinsons_law.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Parkinson's Law <ref> Asana, T. (2022) Parkinson's law: Overcome it to increase productivity [2022], Asana. Available at: https://asana.com/resources/parkinsons-law (Accessed: April 9, 2023) </ref>. ]]

	Studies show that when given a task we tend to think of how much time is available to complete the task instead of how much is actually needed in order to complete the task <ref> Brannon, L.A., Hershberger, P.J. and Brock, T.C. (1999) “Timeless demonstrations of Parkinson’s first law,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6(1), pp. 148–156. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03210823 </ref>.		Studies show that when given a task we tend to think of how much time is available to complete the task instead of how much is actually needed in order to complete the task <ref> Brannon, L.A., Hershberger, P.J. and Brock, T.C. (1999) “Timeless demonstrations of Parkinson’s first law,” Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6(1), pp. 148–156. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3758/bf03210823 </ref>.

SA: /* Pickle jar theory */

2023-05-09T15:14:34Z

Pickle jar theory

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:14, 9 May 2023
Line 25:		Line 25:
	The Pickle Jar theory is based on prioritizing your daily activities and responsibilities in a specific order. The pickle jar theory (also known as The Bucket of Rocks or The Jar of Life theory) was developed by Jeremy Wright in 2002 with the perception that time is limited <ref> Nwabueze, Akachukwu I., Edikpa, Edith C. and Chukwuma, Ifeoma S., TIMING THE WORK FOR ENHANCED ADMINISTRATIVE PERFORMANCE IN UNIVERSITIES, 2018, https://www.journalijdr.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/13705.pdf, (Accessed: April 9, 2013) </ref>.		The Pickle Jar theory is based on prioritizing your daily activities and responsibilities in a specific order. The pickle jar theory (also known as The Bucket of Rocks or The Jar of Life theory) was developed by Jeremy Wright in 2002 with the perception that time is limited <ref> Nwabueze, Akachukwu I., Edikpa, Edith C. and Chukwuma, Ifeoma S., TIMING THE WORK FOR ENHANCED ADMINISTRATIVE PERFORMANCE IN UNIVERSITIES, 2018, https://www.journalijdr.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/13705.pdf, (Accessed: April 9, 2013) </ref>.

	To visualize this, imagine you have an empty pickle jar that represents the available time in a day and your daily activities consist of large rocks, pebbles, and sand[[File:Pickle_jar_theory.png\|thumb\|right\|The Pickle Jar Theory] <ref> Zoho. (2022, January 4). Say Goodbye to Workplace Distractions in 2022. Zoho Blog. https://www.zoho.com/blog/cliq/say-goodbye-to-workplace-distractions-in-2022.html </ref>]. The large rocks represent the value-adding activities in your day, the pebbles represent necessary activities but not value-adding activities. Lastly, the sand represents non-value-adding activities such as scrolling on social media, etc.		To visualize this, imagine you have an empty pickle jar that represents the available time in a day and your daily activities consist of large rocks, pebbles, and sand[[File:Pickle_jar_theory.png\|thumb\|right\|The Pickle Jar Theory <ref> Zoho. (2022, January 4). Say Goodbye to Workplace Distractions in 2022. Zoho Blog. https://www.zoho.com/blog/cliq/say-goodbye-to-workplace-distractions-in-2022.html </ref>]]. The large rocks represent the value-adding activities in your day, the pebbles represent necessary activities but not value-adding activities. Lastly, the sand represents non-value-adding activities such as scrolling on social media, etc.
	So, instead of doing your daily activities in a random order, where you don’t differentiate between value-adding and non-value-adding activities. The theory suggests prioritizing the most important and value-adding tasks (large rocks) before the pickle jar is consumed with sand (non-value-adding tasks).		So, instead of doing your daily activities in a random order, where you don’t differentiate between value-adding and non-value-adding activities. The theory suggests prioritizing the most important and value-adding tasks (large rocks) before the pickle jar is consumed with sand (non-value-adding tasks).

SA: /* Pickle jar theory */

2023-05-09T15:12:58Z

Pickle jar theory

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 9 May 2023
Line 25:		Line 25:
	The Pickle Jar theory is based on prioritizing your daily activities and responsibilities in a specific order. The pickle jar theory (also known as The Bucket of Rocks or The Jar of Life theory) was developed by Jeremy Wright in 2002 with the perception that time is limited <ref> Nwabueze, Akachukwu I., Edikpa, Edith C. and Chukwuma, Ifeoma S., TIMING THE WORK FOR ENHANCED ADMINISTRATIVE PERFORMANCE IN UNIVERSITIES, 2018, https://www.journalijdr.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/13705.pdf, (Accessed: April 9, 2013) </ref>.		The Pickle Jar theory is based on prioritizing your daily activities and responsibilities in a specific order. The pickle jar theory (also known as The Bucket of Rocks or The Jar of Life theory) was developed by Jeremy Wright in 2002 with the perception that time is limited <ref> Nwabueze, Akachukwu I., Edikpa, Edith C. and Chukwuma, Ifeoma S., TIMING THE WORK FOR ENHANCED ADMINISTRATIVE PERFORMANCE IN UNIVERSITIES, 2018, https://www.journalijdr.com/sites/default/files/issue-pdf/13705.pdf, (Accessed: April 9, 2013) </ref>.

	To visualize this, imagine you have an empty pickle jar that represents the available time in a day and your daily activities consist of large rocks, pebbles, and sand[[File:Pickle_jar_theory.png\|thumb\|right\|The Pickle Jar Theory]]. The large rocks represent the value-adding activities in your day, the pebbles represent necessary activities but not value-adding activities. Lastly, the sand represents non-value-adding activities such as scrolling on social media, etc.		To visualize this, imagine you have an empty pickle jar that represents the available time in a day and your daily activities consist of large rocks, pebbles, and sand[[File:Pickle_jar_theory.png\|thumb\|right\|The Pickle Jar Theory] <ref> Zoho. (2022, January 4). Say Goodbye to Workplace Distractions in 2022. Zoho Blog. https://www.zoho.com/blog/cliq/say-goodbye-to-workplace-distractions-in-2022.html </ref>]. The large rocks represent the value-adding activities in your day, the pebbles represent necessary activities but not value-adding activities. Lastly, the sand represents non-value-adding activities such as scrolling on social media, etc.
	So, instead of doing your daily activities in a random order, where you don’t differentiate between value-adding and non-value-adding activities. The theory suggests prioritizing the most important and value-adding tasks (large rocks) before the pickle jar is consumed with sand (non-value-adding tasks).		So, instead of doing your daily activities in a random order, where you don’t differentiate between value-adding and non-value-adding activities. The theory suggests prioritizing the most important and value-adding tasks (large rocks) before the pickle jar is consumed with sand (non-value-adding tasks).

SA: /* Productive techniques to transform the way you work */

2023-05-09T14:13:40Z

Productive techniques to transform the way you work

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:13, 9 May 2023
Line 67:		Line 67:

	These are all tasks you can’t handle right now but are still important to remember. By writing them down you remove the tasks from your “active memory” and free up space in your mind. This isn’t necessarily your to-do list, it is a mixture between to-dos and a memory list. The important part is that you note the future tasks down to focus on the current tasks you’re dealing with <ref> Business.us, D. (no date) Time Management Guide and Resource, Discover Business. Available at: https://www.discoverbusiness.us/resources/time-management/#:~:text=Three%20theories%20about%20time%20and,Pareto%20principle%2C%20and%20Parkinson's%20Law. (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>.		These are all tasks you can’t handle right now but are still important to remember. By writing them down you remove the tasks from your “active memory” and free up space in your mind. This isn’t necessarily your to-do list, it is a mixture between to-dos and a memory list. The important part is that you note the future tasks down to focus on the current tasks you’re dealing with <ref> Business.us, D. (no date) Time Management Guide and Resource, Discover Business. Available at: https://www.discoverbusiness.us/resources/time-management/#:~:text=Three%20theories%20about%20time%20and,Pareto%20principle%2C%20and%20Parkinson's%20Law. (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>.


	=== Batching ===		=== Batching ===

SA: /* Abstract */

2023-05-09T14:13:19Z

Abstract

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 == Abstract ==
-Time management is a critical skill for project managers, as it plays an important role in ensuring the success of projects. Time management is the process of planning how to allocate time effectively and efficiently to achieve specific goals. It involves identifying, prioritizing, and completing tasks, so it helps to maximize productivity and minimize stress.
+Effective time management is a vital skill in project management as it involves handling multiple tasks while prioritizing and planning them.
-Some strategies for effective time management include setting clear goals, planning, avoiding distractions, allocating time blocks, delegating tasks, and adjusting your plan.
+This article explores several time management theories as The Pickle Jar theory, Parkinson’s Law, and Eisenhower matrix, which can help project managers prioritize their tasks effectively.
-Time management is a complex aspect of project management that impacts the success of projects.
+Furthermore, this article provides guidance on how to transform the way we work and enhance productivity by adopting techniques, such as decluttering the mind, batching, bite sizing, and reviewing introduced as essentials.
+Finally, the article uncovers the silent killers of effective time management, namely perfectionism, multitasking, and working without breaks. It emphasizes the need to be aware of these silent killers and provides insights on how to avoid the detrimental effects.
 == Introduction ==

SA: /* The silent killers of effective and efficient time management */

2023-05-09T14:05:20Z

The silent killers of effective and efficient time management

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:05, 9 May 2023
Line 175:		Line 175:
	Time-blocking in your work calendar is a good way to let your colleagues know that you are busy and working. If they still decide to drop by your office, you can politely tell them that you will get back to them when you have finished your task. A pair of headphones are also a good indicator that you’re not welcoming any chatty colleagues at the moment. It's important to set work boundaries to protect your focus and concentration <ref> Grace Saunders, E. (2019) Protect your time at work by setting better boundaries, Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2019/12/protect-your-time-at-work-by-setting-better-boundaries (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>		Time-blocking in your work calendar is a good way to let your colleagues know that you are busy and working. If they still decide to drop by your office, you can politely tell them that you will get back to them when you have finished your task. A pair of headphones are also a good indicator that you’re not welcoming any chatty colleagues at the moment. It's important to set work boundaries to protect your focus and concentration <ref> Grace Saunders, E. (2019) Protect your time at work by setting better boundaries, Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2019/12/protect-your-time-at-work-by-setting-better-boundaries (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>

	== The silent killers of effective ~~and efficient~~ time management ==		== The silent killers of effective time management ==

	=== Perfectonism ===		=== Perfectonism ===

SA: /* Time management theories */

2023-05-09T13:55:24Z

Time management theories

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:55, 9 May 2023
Line 40:		Line 40:

	== Time management theories ==		== Time management theories ==
			The following time management theories can help project managers prioritize their tasks effectively.

	=== Pickle jar theory ===		=== Pickle jar theory ===
Line 62:		Line 63:
	=== Eisenhower matrix ===		=== Eisenhower matrix ===

	The Eisenhower matrix also known as the urgent-important matrix or the time management matrix is a method that exploits the concept of importance and urgency to ~~prioritise~~ tasks. <ref> Content Team, M.T. (no date) Home, MindTools. Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/al1e0k5/eisenhowers-urgentimportant-principle (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref> [[File:Eisenhower matrix.png\|thumb\|right\|The Eisenhower matrix]]		The Eisenhower matrix also known as the urgent-important matrix or the time management matrix is a method that exploits the concept of importance and urgency to prioritize tasks. <ref> Content Team, M.T. (no date) Home, MindTools. Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/al1e0k5/eisenhowers-urgentimportant-principle (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref> [[File:Eisenhower matrix.png\|thumb\|right\|The Eisenhower matrix]]

	The Eisenhower matrix has its roots in 1954 when former president Dwight D. Eisenhower acknowledges that he only had two kinds of problems “The urgent and the important. The urgent are not important, and the important are never urgent”. <ref> Dwight D. Eisenhower (August 19, 1954). Address at the Second Assembly of the World Council of Churches. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Evanston, Illinois. (Retrieved 9 April 2023.) </ref>		The Eisenhower matrix has its roots in 1954 when former president Dwight D. Eisenhower acknowledges that he only had two kinds of problems “The urgent and the important. The urgent are not important, and the important are never urgent”. <ref> Dwight D. Eisenhower (August 19, 1954). Address at the Second Assembly of the World Council of Churches. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Evanston, Illinois. (Retrieved 9 April 2023.) </ref>
Line 70:		Line 71:
	The matrix consists of four different quadrants to help categorize the urgency and importance of the tasks at hand.		The matrix consists of four different quadrants to help categorize the urgency and importance of the tasks at hand.
	The illustration in the figure shows each quadrant and how it’s divided.		The illustration in the figure shows each quadrant and how it’s divided.
	The golden quadrant to be in is when a task is important but not urgent. This is also where you are proactive and not reactive as in contrast to the first quadrant (urgent and important). <ref> Asana, T. (2022) Be productive at home: 11 tips to promote efficiency [2023] • asana, Asana. Available at: https://asana.com/resources/eisenhower-matrix (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>		The golden quadrant to be in is when a task is important but not urgent. This is also where you are proactive and not reactive in contrast to the first quadrant (urgent and important). <ref> Asana, T. (2022) Be productive at home: 11 tips to promote efficiency [2023] • asana, Asana. Available at: https://asana.com/resources/eisenhower-matrix (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>

	== Productive techniques to transform the way you work ==		== Productive techniques to transform the way you work ==

SA: /* The silent killers of effective time management */

2023-05-09T13:41:55Z

The silent killers of effective time management

SA: /* Abstract */

2023-05-09T13:33:11Z

Abstract

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 9 May 2023
Line 5:		Line 5:
	Some strategies for effective time management include setting clear goals, planning, avoiding distractions, allocating time blocks, delegating tasks, and adjusting your plan.		Some strategies for effective time management include setting clear goals, planning, avoiding distractions, allocating time blocks, delegating tasks, and adjusting your plan.
	Project managers should set clear and realistic goals for their projects and prioritize tasks based on their importance. They should create a project schedule and allocate time blocks for specific tasks, considering any potential challenges and unexpected events. Additionally, it's important to minimize distractions and avoid multitasking as it can negatively impact productivity.		Project managers should set clear and realistic goals for their projects and prioritize tasks based on their importance. They should create a project schedule and allocate time blocks for specific tasks, considering any potential challenges and unexpected events. Additionally, it's important to minimize distractions and avoid multitasking as it can negatively impact productivity.
			New:

	Time management is a complex aspect of project management that impacts the success of projects. Project managers must balance multiple demands, competing priorities, and unexpected events while ensuring that resources are allocated effectively, and deadlines are met. Tools such as Pomodoro-technique, Eisenhower matric, planners, etc. will be presented to support effective time management.		Time management is a complex aspect of project management that impacts the success of projects.



			Project managers must balance multiple demands, competing priorities, and unexpected events while ensuring that resources are allocated effectively, and deadlines are met. Tools such as Pomodoro-technique, Eisenhower matric, planners, etc. will be presented to support effective time management.

	In conclusion, time management in project management can be a challenging task as it requires balancing multiple tasks and responsibilities, dealing with unpredictable events, and managing effective collaboration and communication with team members. Project managers must be strategic, flexible, and proactive in their approach to time management to ensure the successful completion of projects.		In conclusion, time management in project management can be a challenging task as it requires balancing multiple tasks and responsibilities, dealing with unpredictable events, and managing effective collaboration and communication with team members. Project managers must be strategic, flexible, and proactive in their approach to time management to ensure the successful completion of projects.
Line 16:		Line 21:
	batching		batching
	bite size		bite size


			In this wiki article, there is a focus on time management and how a project manager can apply several time management theories to improve their time management.

			Time management is a critical skill for project managers, as it plays an important role in ensuring the success of projects. Time management is the process of planning how to allocate time effectively and efficiently to achieve specific goals. It involves identifying, prioritizing, and completing tasks, so it helps to maximize productivity and minimize stress.

			This Wikipedia article discusses various time management theories and techniques that can be employed to increase productivity and efficiency. The article first introduces the Pickle Jar Theory, which emphasizes prioritizing daily activities based on their value-add and the limited amount of time available. Next, the article discusses Parkinson's Law, which suggests that tasks tend to expand to fill the time available for their completion. Finally, the article describes the Eisenhower Matrix, a tool that helps individuals prioritize tasks based on their urgency and importance. The article provides detailed explanations of each theory, along with practical tips and tools to apply them in everyday life. This article aims to provide readers with a comprehensive overview of time management theories and techniques that they can use to enhance their productivity and achieve their goals.

			This Wikipedia article discusses time management and productivity in the workplace. The article explains that a clean workspace is crucial for productivity, as clutter can be a distraction. The RAFT system and the 5S method are recommended to declutter and organize workspace. The article also highlights the importance of recognizing and reducing distractions, as studies have shown that interruptions can increase stress, frustration, and workload. External noises, one of the biggest distractions in the workplace, can be reduced by using noise-cancelling headphones and listening to Baroque music. The article cites several studies and provides useful resources for readers to improve their time management skills and productivity.

	== Introduction ==		== Introduction ==

SA: /* Eisenhower matrix */

2023-05-09T13:17:30Z

Eisenhower matrix

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:17, 9 May 2023
Line 48:		Line 48:
	=== Eisenhower matrix ===		=== Eisenhower matrix ===

	The Eisenhower matrix also known as the urgent-important matrix or the time management matrix is a method that exploits the concept of importance and urgency to prioritise tasks. <ref> Content Team, M.T. (no date) Home, MindTools. Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/al1e0k5/eisenhowers-urgentimportant-principle (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>		The Eisenhower matrix also known as the urgent-important matrix or the time management matrix is a method that exploits the concept of importance and urgency to prioritise tasks. <ref> Content Team, M.T. (no date) Home, MindTools. Available at: https://www.mindtools.com/al1e0k5/eisenhowers-urgentimportant-principle (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref> [[File:Eisenhower matrix.png\|thumb\|right\|The Eisenhower matrix]]

	The Eisenhower matrix has its roots in 1954 when former president Dwight D. Eisenhower acknowledges that he only had two kinds of problems “The urgent and the important. The urgent are not important, and the important are never urgent”. <ref> Dwight D. Eisenhower (August 19, 1954). Address at the Second Assembly of the World Council of Churches. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Evanston, Illinois. (Retrieved 9 April 2023.) </ref>		The Eisenhower matrix has its roots in 1954 when former president Dwight D. Eisenhower acknowledges that he only had two kinds of problems “The urgent and the important. The urgent are not important, and the important are never urgent”. <ref> Dwight D. Eisenhower (August 19, 1954). Address at the Second Assembly of the World Council of Churches. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Evanston, Illinois. (Retrieved 9 April 2023.) </ref>
	~~[[File:Eisenhower matrix.png\|thumb\|right\|The Eisenhower matrix]]~~

	Later on, the Eisenhower matrix was illustrated by the author Stephen Covey in "''7 Habits of highly effective people''".		Later on, the Eisenhower matrix was illustrated by the author Stephen Covey in "''7 Habits of highly effective people''".

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:41, 9 May 2023
Line 174:		Line 174:
	Time-blocking in your work calendar is a good way to let your colleagues know that you are busy and working. If they still decide to drop by your office, you can politely tell them that you will get back to them when you have finished your task. A pair of headphones are also a good indicator that you’re not welcoming any chatty colleagues at the moment. It's important to set work boundaries to protect your focus and concentration <ref> Grace Saunders, E. (2019) Protect your time at work by setting better boundaries, Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2019/12/protect-your-time-at-work-by-setting-better-boundaries (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>		Time-blocking in your work calendar is a good way to let your colleagues know that you are busy and working. If they still decide to drop by your office, you can politely tell them that you will get back to them when you have finished your task. A pair of headphones are also a good indicator that you’re not welcoming any chatty colleagues at the moment. It's important to set work boundaries to protect your focus and concentration <ref> Grace Saunders, E. (2019) Protect your time at work by setting better boundaries, Harvard Business Review. Available at: https://hbr.org/2019/12/protect-your-time-at-work-by-setting-better-boundaries (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>

	== The silent killers of effective time management ==		== The silent killers of effective and efficient time management ==

	=== Perfectonism ===		=== Perfectonism ===
Line 181:		Line 181:
	Perfectionists have difficulties handing a task over that is flawed, this leads to procrastination and delaying the deadlines without reason.		Perfectionists have difficulties handing a task over that is flawed, this leads to procrastination and delaying the deadlines without reason.

	Project managers with perfectionist characters set unrealistic expectations for themselves and their ~~team~~. This results in inefficient use of time and negatively impacts time management.		Project managers with perfectionist characters set unrealistic expectations for themselves and their teams. This results in inefficient use of time and negatively impacts time management.
	It’s vital to recognize the signs of perfectionism and take manageable steps to reduce it.		It’s vital to recognize the signs of perfectionism and take manageable steps to reduce it.
	Setting realistic goals, prioritizing tasks, and being willing to accept imperfection are steps that can help with the inner perfectionist. It should be noted that a perfectionist can be disguised as having imposter syndrome <ref> Redelinghuys, D. (2022) Overcoming Imposter Syndrome as a project manager, Career Karma. Available at: https://careerkarma.com/blog/imposter-syndrome-in-project-management/ (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>, and it requires a level of awareness to acknowledge and accept you might have the tendencies of a perfectionist.		Setting realistic goals, prioritizing tasks, and being willing to accept imperfection are steps that can help with the inner perfectionist. It should be noted that a perfectionist can be disguised as having imposter syndrome <ref> Redelinghuys, D. (2022) Overcoming Imposter Syndrome as a project manager, Career Karma. Available at: https://careerkarma.com/blog/imposter-syndrome-in-project-management/ (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>, and it requires a level of awareness to acknowledge and accept you might have the tendencies of a perfectionist.
Line 187:		Line 187:
	=== Multitasking ===		=== Multitasking ===

	Multitasking is a known phenomenon in today’s society and is often mistaken to be time efficient and smart to use. The phrase “I can do it faster because I can multitask” is a widely misunderstood understanding of multitasking. Neuroscientist Daniel J. Levitin and the author of the book ''“The organized mind: Thinking ~~straight~~ in the ~~age~~ of information overload”'' explains the following on multitasking:		Multitasking is a known phenomenon in today’s society and is often mistaken to be time efficient and smart to use. The phrase “I can do it faster because I can multitask” is a widely misunderstood understanding of multitasking. Neuroscientist Daniel J. Levitin and the author of the book ''“The organized mind: Thinking Straight in the Age of information overload”'' explains the following on multitasking:

	''”Asking the brain to shift attention from one activity to another causes the prefrontal cortex and striatum to burn up oxygenated glucose, the same fuel they need to stay on task”.''		''”Asking the brain to shift attention from one activity to another causes the prefrontal cortex and striatum to burn up oxygenated glucose, the same fuel they need to stay on task”.''
	He then proceeds to add ''“And the kind of rapid, continual shifting we do with multitasking causes the brain to burn through fuel so quickly that we feel exhausted and disoriented after even a short time. We’ve literally depleted the nutrients in our brain. This leads to compromise in both cognitive and physical performance.”'' <ref> Daniel J. Levitin, The organized mind: Thinking straight in the age of information overload, Dutton, 2016 </ref>		He then proceeds to add ''“And the kind of rapid, continual shifting we do with multitasking causes the brain to burn through fuel so quickly that we feel exhausted and disoriented after even a short time. We’ve literally depleted the nutrients in our brain. This leads to compromise in both cognitive and physical performance.”'' <ref> Daniel J. Levitin, The organized mind: Thinking straight in the age of information overload, Dutton, 2016 </ref>

	Multitasking means switching between different tasks, it has no relation to time efficiency. If you don’t want to lose focus by switching between ~~task~~ simultaneously, then stop multitasking. <ref> Magazine, Discover (2021), Why multitasking does more harm than good, Stanford University, Available at: https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/news/why-multitasking-does-more-harm-good, (Accessed: April 9, 2023) </ref>		Multitasking means switching between different tasks, it has no relation to time efficiency. If you don’t want to lose focus by switching between tasks simultaneously, then stop multitasking. <ref> Magazine, Discover (2021), Why multitasking does more harm than good, Stanford University, Available at: https://neuroscience.stanford.edu/news/why-multitasking-does-more-harm-good, (Accessed: April 9, 2023) </ref>

	=== Working without breaks ===		=== Working without breaks ===
	Taking breaks is necessary for long-term focus and concentration, and breaks can prevent decision fatigue.		Taking breaks is necessary for long-term focus and concentration, and breaks can prevent decision fatigue.
	Sitting at a desk for many hours a day does not equal effective work, our brain has a limited focus and concentration span. It’s necessary to take breaks to keep performing at a high level. <ref> Breaks during the workday (no date) Toward a Respectful Workplace. Available at: https://workplace.msu.edu/breaks-during-the-workday/#:~:text=Not%20taking%20enough%20breaks%20leads,mental%20health%20and%20well%2Dbeing (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>		Sitting at a desk for many hours a day does not equal effective work, our brain has a limited focus and concentration span. It’s necessary to take breaks to keep performing at a high level. <ref> Breaks during the workday (no date) Toward a Respectful Workplace. Available at: https://workplace.msu.edu/breaks-during-the-workday/#:~:text=Not%20taking%20enough%20breaks%20leads,mental%20health%20and%20well%2Dbeing (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>
	A good rule of thumb is to use the Pomodoro technique to ensure you incorporate breaks during your ~~workhours~~.		A good rule of thumb is to use the Pomodoro technique to ensure you incorporate breaks during your work hours.
	<ref> Giesbrecht, Beth A., (2015), Pomodoro Technique for time management, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Available at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=nbdcwhitepapers </ref>		<ref> Giesbrecht, Beth A., (2015), Pomodoro Technique for time management, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Available at: https://digitalcommons.unomaha.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1018&context=nbdcwhitepapers </ref>

	The Pomodoro ~~techniques~~ was developed in the 1980s by Francesco Cirillo when he was a student in college. Cirillo had a kitchen timer shaped like a tomato (pomodoro in Italian), he challenged himself to concentrate only 2 minutes on a task without distractions <ref> The Pomodoro® Technique (no date) Cirillo Company. Available at: https://francescocirillo.com/products/the-pomodoro-technique (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>.		The Pomodoro technique was developed in the 1980s by Francesco Cirillo when he was a student in college. Cirillo had a kitchen timer shaped like a tomato (pomodoro in Italian), he challenged himself to concentrate only 2 minutes on a task without distractions <ref> The Pomodoro® Technique (no date) Cirillo Company. Available at: https://francescocirillo.com/products/the-pomodoro-technique (Accessed: April 9, 2023). </ref>.
	He then increased the time and found a sweet spot of 25 minutes of work followed by a 5 minutes break which accounts for one Pomodoro. After four Pomodoro’s a longer break of 15-30 minutes is taken.		He then increased the time and found a sweet spot of 25 minutes of work followed by a 5 minutes break which accounts for one Pomodoro. After four Pomodoro’s a longer break of 15-30 minutes is taken.
	Today the ~~pomodoro~~ technique is used worldwide and there are several ~~pomodoro~~ apps <ref> https://focuskeeper.co/ </ref> for free you can use to follow the technique.		Today the Pomodoro technique is used worldwide and there are several Pomodoro apps <ref> https://focuskeeper.co/ </ref> for free you can use to follow the technique.

	== Annotated bibliography ==		== Annotated bibliography ==