The dynamics of adversarial relations - Revision history

http://13.50.150.85/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=The_dynamics_of_adversarial_relations The dynamics of adversarial relations - Revision history 2026-07-15T21:50:14Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.3 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=The_dynamics_of_adversarial_relations&diff=60344&oldid=prev Tkokotas at 19:24, 20 November 2018 2018-11-20T19:24:44Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:24, 20 November 2018</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Developed by Vasile-Vlad Bereghi''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Control is one of the most important element of the dynamic of ''adversarial relations''. Clients are determined to, protect their benefits obtained through competitive tendering and to ensure that these benefits are not competed away by the contractor through opportunistic behavior. The attempts by clients to manage the problem of moral hazard and to reduce the scope of opportunistic behavior by the contractor have the tendency to generate vicious circles of adversarial behavior between parties.<ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, (2010) "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>. The dynamic of adversarial relations created by the client's desire to get the 'best deal', can generate an escalation of the transaction costs while the costs of production seem to be pushed down. <ref name="curtis"> Curtis, B., Ward, S. and Chapman, C., CIRIA, (1989) "Roles, Responsibilities and Risks in Management Contracting. "</ref>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Control is one of the most important element of the dynamic of ''adversarial relations''. Clients are determined to, protect their benefits obtained through competitive tendering and to ensure that these benefits are not competed away by the contractor through opportunistic behavior. The attempts by clients to manage the problem of moral hazard and to reduce the scope of opportunistic behavior by the contractor have the tendency to generate vicious circles of adversarial behavior between parties.<ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, (2010) "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>. The dynamic of adversarial relations created by the client's desire to get the 'best deal', can generate an escalation of the transaction costs while the costs of production seem to be pushed down. <ref name="curtis"> Curtis, B., Ward, S. and Chapman, C., CIRIA, (1989) "Roles, Responsibilities and Risks in Management Contracting. "</ref>. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

Tkokotas http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=The_dynamics_of_adversarial_relations&diff=37446&oldid=prev S162275 at 09:54, 22 June 2017 2017-06-22T09:54:29Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:54, 22 June 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l29">Line 29:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 29:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The professional system became a low-trust system in which all actors spend a growing portion of their time covering their rear rather than moving forward. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The professional system became a low-trust system in which all actors spend a growing portion of their time covering their rear rather than moving forward. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Control is the most important element in the adversarial relations dynamic. Clients that are determined to ensure that keen prices are obtained through competitive tendering and are not <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">competed </del>away <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by </del>the contractors through opportunistic behavior, develop the role of - the quantity surveyor. An <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">extensive </del>network of in-project cost control has been implemented, which given the fact that the contracts are fixed price, can do no more than manage the shape of the project cash-flow s-curve.<ref name="winch2">Winch, Graham M., Routledge, (2014) "Institutional reform in British construction: partnering and private finance "</ref>. In response to these techniques, the contractors have developed their own quantity surveying capabilities adding to site overheads and generating the twin hierarchy site management, i.e. with the site surveyor focusing on cost and the contract manager focusing on time and quality. Considering that costs are determined <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">largely </del>by design decisions taken throughout the competitive tendering and contract prices are fixed, there is little chance to reduce costs - the process being one of cost control, rather than cost reduction.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Control is the most important element in the adversarial relations dynamic. Clients that are determined to ensure that keen prices are obtained through competitive tendering and are not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lost </ins>away <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to </ins>the contractors through opportunistic behavior, develop the role of - the quantity surveyor. An <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">wide-ranging </ins>network of in-project cost control has been implemented, which given the fact that the contracts are fixed price, can do no more than manage the shape of the project cash-flow s-curve.<ref name="winch2">Winch, Graham M., Routledge, (2014) "Institutional reform in British construction: partnering and private finance "</ref>. In response to these techniques, the contractors have developed their own quantity surveying capabilities adding to site overheads and generating the twin hierarchy site management, i.e. with the site surveyor focusing on cost and the contract manager focusing on time and quality. Considering that costs are determined <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">predominantly </ins>by design decisions taken throughout the competitive tendering and contract prices are fixed, there is little chance to reduce costs - the process being one of cost control, rather than cost reduction.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

S162275 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=The_dynamics_of_adversarial_relations&diff=37421&oldid=prev S162275 at 09:45, 22 June 2017 2017-06-22T09:45:42Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:45, 22 June 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l33">Line 33:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 33:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=The dynamic of over-engineering=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=The dynamic of over-engineering=</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The dynamic of adversarial relations interacts with a second dynamic of over-engineering. Clients have developed a natural tendency to pass the complete <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">responsibility </del>for the design to their professional advisers. Designers can face the possibility of opportunistic behavior from contractors and wish to protect themselves from possible litigation for the defects in their design. The worry to reduce to a minimum the opportunistic behavior of the contractors pushes designers to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">specify </del>the product completely. Yet, the increased complexity and uniqueness of newer and newer projects combined with their inevitable lack of experience of site processes means that their specifications are not reflected on site conditions or the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">capabilities </del>of the contractors. This is reflected through a rigidity in the design which is not optimized in relation to the problems of construction. The designers are encouraged to allow high safety margins in their design that lead to over-engineered thus costly, designs. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The dynamic of adversarial relations interacts with a second dynamic of over-engineering. Clients have developed a natural tendency to pass the complete <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">liability </ins>for the design to their professional advisers. Designers can face the possibility of opportunistic behavior from contractors and wish to protect themselves from possible litigation for the defects in their design. The worry to reduce to a minimum the opportunistic behavior of the contractors pushes designers to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">define </ins>the product completely. Yet, the increased complexity and uniqueness of newer and newer projects combined with their inevitable lack of experience of site processes means that their specifications are not reflected on site conditions or the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">qualifications </ins>of the contractors. This is reflected through a rigidity in the design which is not optimized in relation to the problems of construction. The designers are encouraged to allow high safety margins in their design that lead to over-engineered thus costly, designs. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The contractors on the other hand, in the absence of the ability to change the specification to better fit their capabilities, try to maximize their flexibility. This in turn <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">freezes </del>the construction technology, preventing contractors to innovate in order to reduce the pressure on their margins. As a result, further opportunistic behavior occurs.<ref name="winch2">Winch, Graham M., Routledge, (2014) "Institutional reform in British construction: partnering and private finance "</ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The contractors on the other hand, in the absence of the ability to change the specification to better fit their capabilities, try to maximize their flexibility. This in turn <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ceases </ins>the construction technology, preventing contractors to innovate in order to reduce the pressure on their margins. As a result, further opportunistic behavior occurs.<ref name="winch2">Winch, Graham M., Routledge, (2014) "Institutional reform in British construction: partnering and private finance "</ref>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

S162275 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=The_dynamics_of_adversarial_relations&diff=37400&oldid=prev S162275 at 09:36, 22 June 2017 2017-06-22T09:36:27Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:36, 22 June 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l45">Line 45:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 45:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- ''the ability of the client to keep requirements fixed over a period of years.''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- ''the ability of the client to keep requirements fixed over a period of years.''</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In real life, designs were rarely fully specified and changes were inevitable, and thus complex contracts had to be <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">developed </del>to enable such changes to be negotiated. Quantity surveyors became guardians of the contract on behalf of the client, trying to minimize the possibility of opportunistic behavior by contractors. Professionals paid on a fee, calculated as a proportion of the construction budget, are given no <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">incentives </del>to reduce budget, while contractors have no <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">incentive </del>to offer a reduced budget because there is no <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mechanism </del>in the lowest price tendering to share potential savings between those that can offer them and the client. The professional system slowly became a risk-shedding rather than a risk-sharing system<ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, (2010) "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In real life, designs were rarely fully specified and changes were inevitable, and thus complex contracts had to be <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">refined </ins>to enable such changes to be negotiated. Quantity surveyors became guardians of the contract on behalf of the client, trying to minimize the possibility of opportunistic behavior by contractors. Professionals paid on a fee, calculated as a proportion of the construction budget, are given no <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">motivations </ins>to reduce budget, while contractors have no <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">encouragement </ins>to offer a reduced budget<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This is determined </ins>because there is no <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">instrument </ins>in the lowest price tendering to share potential savings between those that can offer them and the client. The professional system slowly became a risk-shedding rather than a risk-sharing system<ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, (2010) "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=From adversaries to partners=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=From adversaries to partners=</div></td></tr> </table>

S162275 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=The_dynamics_of_adversarial_relations&diff=37382&oldid=prev S162275 at 09:29, 22 June 2017 2017-06-22T09:29:54Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:29, 22 June 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l41">Line 41:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 41:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Competitive tendering despite its priority on lowest price, was not delivering as a matter of fact low production costs instead was generating very high transaction costs. The requirement that the designs would be fully specified at tender, meant that extensive assumptions had to be made regarding:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Competitive tendering despite its priority on lowest price, was not delivering as a matter of fact low production costs instead was generating very high transaction costs. The requirement that the designs would be fully specified at tender, meant that extensive assumptions had to be made regarding:</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- ''the capability of architects and other designers in the technical details of a wide range of construction technologies.''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- ''the capability of architects and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">expertise </ins>other designers in the technical details of a wide range of construction technologies.''</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- ''the ability of the client to keep requirements fixed over a period of years.''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- ''the ability of the client to keep requirements fixed over a period of years.''</div></td></tr> </table>

S162275 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=The_dynamics_of_adversarial_relations&diff=37379&oldid=prev S162275 at 09:29, 22 June 2017 2017-06-22T09:29:08Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:29, 22 June 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l41">Line 41:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 41:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Competitive tendering despite its priority on lowest price, was not delivering as a matter of fact low production costs instead was generating very high transaction costs. The requirement that the designs would be fully specified at tender, meant that extensive assumptions had to be made regarding:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Competitive tendering despite its priority on lowest price, was not delivering as a matter of fact low production costs instead was generating very high transaction costs. The requirement that the designs would be fully specified at tender, meant that extensive assumptions had to be made regarding:</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>-the capability of architects and other designers in the technical details of a wide range of construction technologies</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>the capability of architects and other designers in the technical details of a wide range of construction technologies<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>-the ability of the client to keep requirements fixed over a period of years. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>the ability of the client to keep requirements fixed over a period of years.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In real life, designs were rarely fully specified and changes were inevitable, and thus complex contracts had to be developed to enable such changes to be negotiated. Quantity surveyors became guardians of the contract on behalf of the client, trying to minimize the possibility of opportunistic behavior by contractors. Professionals paid on a fee, calculated as a proportion of the construction budget, are given no incentives to reduce budget, while contractors have no incentive to offer a reduced budget because there is no mechanism in the lowest price tendering to share potential savings between those that can offer them and the client. The professional system slowly became a risk-shedding rather than a risk-sharing system<ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, (2010) "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In real life, designs were rarely fully specified and changes were inevitable, and thus complex contracts had to be developed to enable such changes to be negotiated. Quantity surveyors became guardians of the contract on behalf of the client, trying to minimize the possibility of opportunistic behavior by contractors. Professionals paid on a fee, calculated as a proportion of the construction budget, are given no incentives to reduce budget, while contractors have no incentive to offer a reduced budget because there is no mechanism in the lowest price tendering to share potential savings between those that can offer them and the client. The professional system slowly became a risk-shedding rather than a risk-sharing system<ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, (2010) "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>. </div></td></tr> </table>

S162275 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=The_dynamics_of_adversarial_relations&diff=37377&oldid=prev S162275 at 09:28, 22 June 2017 2017-06-22T09:28:20Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:28, 22 June 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l40">Line 40:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 40:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Challenges=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Challenges=</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Competitive tendering despite its priority on lowest price, was not delivering as a matter of fact low production costs instead was generating very high transaction costs. The requirement that the designs would be fully specified at tender, meant that extensive assumptions had to be made regarding:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Competitive tendering despite its priority on lowest price, was not delivering as a matter of fact low production costs instead was generating very high transaction costs. The requirement that the designs would be fully specified at tender, meant that extensive assumptions had to be made regarding:</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>-the capability of architects and other designers in the technical details of a wide range of construction technologies</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>-the capability of architects and other designers in the technical details of a wide range of construction technologies</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>-the ability of the client to keep requirements fixed over a period of years. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>-the ability of the client to keep requirements fixed over a period of years. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

S162275 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=The_dynamics_of_adversarial_relations&diff=37371&oldid=prev S162275 at 09:26, 22 June 2017 2017-06-22T09:26:57Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:26, 22 June 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l39">Line 39:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Challenges=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Challenges=</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Competitive tendering despite its <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">emphasis </del>on lowest price, was not <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">actually </del>delivering low production costs <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>was generating very high transaction costs. The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">necessity </del>that the designs would be fully specified at tender, meant that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">huge </del>assumptions had to be made regarding the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">competence </del>of architects and other designers in the technical details of a wide range of construction technologies<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and </del>the ability of the client to keep requirements fixed over a period of years. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Competitive tendering despite its <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">priority </ins>on lowest price, was not delivering <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as a matter of fact </ins>low production costs <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">instead </ins>was generating very high transaction costs. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">requirement </ins>that the designs would be fully specified at tender, meant that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">extensive </ins>assumptions had to be made regarding<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">capability </ins>of architects and other designers in the technical details of a wide range of construction technologies</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</ins>the ability of the client to keep requirements fixed over a period of years. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In real life, designs were rarely fully specified and changes were inevitable, and thus complex contracts had to be developed to enable such changes to be negotiated. Quantity surveyors became guardians of the contract on behalf of the client, trying to minimize the possibility of opportunistic behavior by contractors. Professionals paid on a fee, calculated as a proportion of the construction budget, are given no incentives to reduce budget, while contractors have no incentive to offer a reduced budget because there is no mechanism in the lowest price tendering to share potential savings between those that can offer them and the client. The professional system slowly became a risk-shedding rather than a risk-sharing system<ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, (2010) "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In real life, designs were rarely fully specified and changes were inevitable, and thus complex contracts had to be developed to enable such changes to be negotiated. Quantity surveyors became guardians of the contract on behalf of the client, trying to minimize the possibility of opportunistic behavior by contractors. Professionals paid on a fee, calculated as a proportion of the construction budget, are given no incentives to reduce budget, while contractors have no incentive to offer a reduced budget because there is no mechanism in the lowest price tendering to share potential savings between those that can offer them and the client. The professional system slowly became a risk-shedding rather than a risk-sharing system<ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, (2010) "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>. </div></td></tr> </table>

S162275 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=The_dynamics_of_adversarial_relations&diff=37353&oldid=prev S162275 at 09:20, 22 June 2017 2017-06-22T09:20:45Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:20, 22 June 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l44">Line 44:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=From adversaries to partners=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=From adversaries to partners=</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By the early 1990s a considerable <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">momentum </del>for change had built up. A series of reports raised serious questions about the organization of the professional system. An increasing number of renown international comparative studies of construction costs and methods, which are reviewed in Edkins et al. (1999) <ref name="edk">Edkins, A.J. and Winch, G.M. (1999) The Performance of the UK Construction Industry: An International Perspective,Bartlett Research Paper 4, London. </ref> contributed to an awareness that there were serious performance problems.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By the early 1990s a considerable <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drive </ins>for change had built up. A series of reports raised serious questions about the organization of the professional system. An increasing number of renown international comparative studies of construction costs and methods, which are reviewed in Edkins et al. (1999) <ref name="edk">Edkins, A.J. and Winch, G.M. (1999) The Performance of the UK Construction Industry: An International Perspective,Bartlett Research Paper 4, London. </ref> contributed to an awareness that there were serious performance problems.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">development </del>that was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">enthusiastically </del>supported was that of ''partnering'' <ref name="barlow">Barlow, J., Cohen, M., Jashapara, A. and Simpson, Y. (1997) Towards Positive Partnering Policy Press, Bristol. </ref>, <ref name="bennett"> Bennett, J. and Jayes, S. (1998) The Seven Pillars of Partnering, Thomas Telford, London. </ref>, <ref name="cox"> Cox, A. and Townsend, M. (1998) Strategic Procurement</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>One <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">advancement </ins>that was <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">persistenlty </ins>supported was that of ''partnering'' <ref name="barlow">Barlow, J., Cohen, M., Jashapara, A. and Simpson, Y. (1997) Towards Positive Partnering Policy Press, Bristol. </ref>, <ref name="bennett"> Bennett, J. and Jayes, S. (1998) The Seven Pillars of Partnering, Thomas Telford, London. </ref>, <ref name="cox"> Cox, A. and Townsend, M. (1998) Strategic Procurement</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>in Construction, Thomas Telford, London.</ref>. Broadly, we can identify two forms of partnering: </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>in Construction, Thomas Telford, London.</ref>. Broadly, we can identify two forms of partnering: </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- ''single project partnering'', where the parties commit themselves to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">openness </del>in dealing with each other, together with the use of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">alternative </del>forms of dispute resolution.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- ''single project partnering'', where the parties commit themselves to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tolerance </ins>in dealing with each other, together with the use of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">different </ins>forms of dispute resolution.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- ''multi-project partnering'', which extends this <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">further </del>in order to realize the benefits of longer term relationships between clients and their suppliers.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>- ''multi-project partnering'', which extends this <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">even more </ins>in order to realize the benefits of longer term relationships between clients and their suppliers.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The tradition of appointment rather than competitive tendering for the supply of design services has meant that repeated relationships - even if never <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">formalized </del>as partnering arrangements - have become the norm for architects and consulting engineers<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, while </del>multi-project partnering is a major shift in the nature of the relationships between clients and their suppliers of site-related services. Partnering and the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reform </del>of standard contracts focus on transaction governance, and by simply reducing transaction costs, important gains can be made as costs are reduced. Differences are resolved before they become <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">disputes</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">disputes </del>can be settled without expensive litigation. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">new </ins>tradition of appointment rather than <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the old once defined by </ins>competitive tendering for the supply of design services has meant that repeated relationships - even if never <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">specified </ins>as partnering arrangements - have become the norm for architects and consulting engineers<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. While </ins>multi-project partnering is a major shift in the nature of the relationships between clients and their suppliers of site-related services. Partnering and the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">transformation </ins>of standard contracts focus on transaction governance, and by simply reducing transaction costs, important gains can be made as costs are reduced. Differences are resolved before they become <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">conflict</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">conflicts </ins>can be settled without expensive litigation. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, an important additional <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">benefit </del>of partnering is that it can provide the motivational context for innovation, and thus a direct attack on production costs. The vicious circle of audit and control set up in the competitive tendering process largely removes the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">incentive </del>for tenders to offer alternative ways of meeting client needs. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">While beneficial </del>effects are strongest with multi-project partnering, important benefits can also be realized in the single-project context.<ref name="winch2">Winch, Graham M., Routledge, (2014) "Institutional reform in British construction: partnering and private finance "</ref>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, an important additional <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gain </ins>of partnering is that it can provide the motivational context for innovation, and thus a direct attack on production costs. The vicious circle of audit and control <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and the focus on the lowest price, </ins>set up in the competitive tendering process largely removes the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">motivation </ins>for tenders to offer alternative ways of meeting client needs. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Beneficial </ins>effects are strongest with multi-project partnering, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but </ins>important benefits can also be realized in the single-project context.<ref name="winch2">Winch, Graham M., Routledge, (2014) "Institutional reform in British construction: partnering and private finance "</ref>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The evidence comes from the number of partnering agreements, which is rising rapidly, while some leading contractors are reporting that more than half of their work is obtained through partnering arrangements or negotiations.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The evidence comes from the number of partnering agreements, which is rising rapidly, while some leading contractors are reporting that more than half of their work is obtained through partnering arrangements or negotiations.</div></td></tr> </table>

S162275 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=The_dynamics_of_adversarial_relations&diff=37312&oldid=prev S162275 at 08:57, 22 June 2017 2017-06-22T08:57:13Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:57, 22 June 2017</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l86">Line 86:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 86:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''(6)''' Bennett, J. and Jayes, S. (1998) "The Seven Pillars of Partnering: A Guide to Second Generation Partnering", Thomas Telford, London.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''(6)''' Bennett, J. and Jayes, S. (1998) "The Seven Pillars of Partnering: A Guide to Second Generation Partnering", Thomas Telford, London.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Partnering is </del>a set of strategic actions that deliver vast improvements in construction performance. It is driven by a clear understanding of mutual objectives and cooperative decision making by a number of firms, who are all focused on using feedback to continuously improve their joint performance. This reference was used to emphasize the importance of partnering.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This book presents partnering as </ins>a set of strategic actions that deliver vast improvements in construction performance. It is driven by a clear understanding of mutual objectives and cooperative decision making by a number of firms, who are all focused on using feedback to continuously improve their joint performance. This reference was used to emphasize the importance of partnering.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''(7)''' Cox, A. and Townsend, M. (1998) "Strategic Procurement in Construction: Towards Better Practice in the Management of Construction Supply Chains", Thomas Telford, London.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''(7)''' Cox, A. and Townsend, M. (1998) "Strategic Procurement in Construction: Towards Better Practice in the Management of Construction Supply Chains", Thomas Telford, London.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This book explores the appropriateness of procurement strategies in certain situations. It provides a framework to help organisations develop segmented approaches in the management of their construction supply chains built on fit-for-purpose relationships.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This book explores the appropriateness of procurement strategies in certain situations. It provides a framework to help organisations develop segmented approaches in the management of their construction supply chains built on fit-for-purpose relationships.</div></td></tr> </table>

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