Social Loafing in Teams - Revision history

CarolinaValderrama at 18:20, 12 May 2023

2023-05-12T18:20:10Z

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 [[File:Social_loafing_factors.png|frame|right|300x300px| Factors affecting social loafing <ref name="mig">Lærke Viuff Petersen (2022) </ref>]]
 == Factors Affecting Social Loafing ==
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 The effect of social loafing is found to be less with higher communication quality. In a study, it was found that more than 53% of the variance in social loafing could be explained by communication quality and task cohesion. They found that this could be because open and honest communication allows the individuals to easier express their contribution to the project, and thereby increase the evaluation potential. Furthermore, it allowed the individuals to feel heard and valued by the other team members <ref name="com">Lam, C. (2015) The Role of Communication and Cohesion in Reducing Social Loafing in Group Projects. ''Business and Professional Communication Quarterly.'' Vol. 78(4), pages 454-475. DOI: 10.1177/2329490615596417</ref>.
 = Application =
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 When comparing what has been described in this article to the ISO standard 21502, the challenge of social loafing can be found in resource management, specifically human resources. Therefore, an impact on social loafing could be made when establishing, developing, and managing the team. When establishing the team, team members are chosen, and the roles and responsibilities are divided. Here, the project manager should consider skills, expertise, culture, cost, and group dynamics. As mentioned before, some of these are factors in the level of social loafing and could thereby impact the effect of social loafing. However, the project manager is not always in control of choosing the team members. Therefore, in the development of the team phase, the aim is to help the team members work in a cohesive and collaborative manner. In the development of the team, it can be necessary to try and improve the performance and interactions of the team members, to enhance teamwork and motivation. The aim of managing the team is to keep them motivated and make them feel involved and make sure they perform at their best. The project manager’s job is to optimize the team members’ performance by i.e. providing feedback and encouraging collaborative work <ref name="iso" />. This follows the evaluation potential theory that describes a motivational loss with the lack of feedback, and thereby more social loafing.
 == Reducing Social Loafing ==
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 * Give individual credit and feedback
 * Have open and honest communication
 = Limitations =

CarolinaValderrama at 17:10, 12 May 2023

2023-05-12T17:10:26Z

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	''Developed by Lærke Viuff Petersen, Spring 2022~~'' and ''Carolina Valderrama, Spring 2023~~''		''Developed by Lærke Viuff Petersen, Spring 2022''

	= Abstract =		= Abstract =

CarolinaValderrama: Undo revision 129071 by CarolinaValderrama (talk)

2023-05-12T16:57:56Z

Undo revision 129071 by CarolinaValderrama (talk)

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	''Addition of Figure to complement and improve the ~~Collective Effort Model~~ explanation''		''Addition of Figure to complement and improve the model explanation''

	==== Free Riding and Sucker Effect ====		==== Free Riding and Sucker Effect ====

CarolinaValderrama: Undo revision 130461 by CarolinaValderrama (talk)

2023-05-12T16:56:17Z

Undo revision 130461 by CarolinaValderrama (talk)

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	The CEM is an expansion of this for motivation on collective tasks as Karau and Williams found that motivation in collective tasks was not as simple as individual tasks and that collective tasks included more contingencies or barriers. Because of these extra contingencies, individuals are more likely to engage in social loafing on collective tasks. Based on the studies done previously, they found other factors that affected motivation in groups that did not affect individual motivation. For example, the performance of other group members and the diffusion of group outcome on the different group members. Also cultural, personality, situational, and individual differences affected the motivation as well as group variation. <ref name ="chapter"/>		The CEM is an expansion of this for motivation on collective tasks as Karau and Williams found that motivation in collective tasks was not as simple as individual tasks and that collective tasks included more contingencies or barriers. Because of these extra contingencies, individuals are more likely to engage in social loafing on collective tasks. Based on the studies done previously, they found other factors that affected motivation in groups that did not affect individual motivation. For example, the performance of other group members and the diffusion of group outcome on the different group members. Also cultural, personality, situational, and individual differences affected the motivation as well as group variation. <ref name ="chapter"/>

	~~==== Free Riding and Sucker Effect ====~~

	Together with the Social Loafing Effect, there are two other effects that emerge with it, and can contribute to get a better overview of what Social Loafing means and what it can produce to the whole group, not only to an individual.		[[File:Social_loafing_factors.png\|frame\|right\|300x300px\| Factors affecting social loafing <ref name="mig">Lærke Viuff Petersen (2022) </ref>]]


	''Addition of Figure to complement and improve the Collective Effort Model explanation''		''Addition of Figure to complement and improve the Collective Effort Model explanation''

	~~[[File:Social_loafing_factors.png\|frame\|right\|300x300px\| Factors affecting social loafing <ref name~~=~~"mig">Lærke Viuff Petersen (2022) </ref>]]~~		==== Free Riding and Sucker Effect ====


			Together with the Social Loafing Effect, there are two other effects that emerge with it, and can contribute to get a better overview of what Social Loafing means and what it can produce to the whole group, not only to an individual.

	== Factors Affecting Social Loafing ==		== Factors Affecting Social Loafing ==

CarolinaValderrama: /* Big Idea */

2023-04-01T20:14:34Z

Big Idea

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	The CEM is an expansion of this for motivation on collective tasks as Karau and Williams found that motivation in collective tasks was not as simple as individual tasks and that collective tasks included more contingencies or barriers. Because of these extra contingencies, individuals are more likely to engage in social loafing on collective tasks. Based on the studies done previously, they found other factors that affected motivation in groups that did not affect individual motivation. For example, the performance of other group members and the diffusion of group outcome on the different group members. Also cultural, personality, situational, and individual differences affected the motivation as well as group variation. <ref name ="chapter"/>		The CEM is an expansion of this for motivation on collective tasks as Karau and Williams found that motivation in collective tasks was not as simple as individual tasks and that collective tasks included more contingencies or barriers. Because of these extra contingencies, individuals are more likely to engage in social loafing on collective tasks. Based on the studies done previously, they found other factors that affected motivation in groups that did not affect individual motivation. For example, the performance of other group members and the diffusion of group outcome on the different group members. Also cultural, personality, situational, and individual differences affected the motivation as well as group variation. <ref name ="chapter"/>

			==== Free Riding and Sucker Effect ====

	~~[[File:Social_loafing_factors~~.~~png\|frame\|right\|300x300px\| Factors affecting social loafing <ref name="mig">Lærke Viuff Petersen (2022) </ref>]]~~		Together with the Social Loafing Effect, there are two other effects that emerge with it, and can contribute to get a better overview of what Social Loafing means and what it can produce to the whole group, not only to an individual.

			''Addition of Figure to complement and improve the Collective Effort Model explanation''

	~~''Addition of Figure to complement and improve the Collective Effort Model explanation''~~		[[File:Social_loafing_factors.png\|frame\|right\|300x300px\| Factors affecting social loafing <ref name="mig">Lærke Viuff Petersen (2022) </ref>]]

	~~==== Free Riding and Sucker Effect ====~~

	Together with the Social Loafing Effect, there are two other effects that emerge with it, and can contribute to get a better overview of what Social Loafing means and what it can produce to the whole group, not only to an individual.

	== Factors Affecting Social Loafing ==		== Factors Affecting Social Loafing ==

CarolinaValderrama: /* Collective Effort Model */

2023-02-19T22:48:58Z

Collective Effort Model

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	''Addition of Figure to complement and improve the ~~model~~ explanation''		''Addition of Figure to complement and improve the Collective Effort Model explanation''

	==== Free Riding and Sucker Effect ====		==== Free Riding and Sucker Effect ====

CarolinaValderrama: /* Factors Affecting Social Loafing */

2023-02-19T22:46:13Z

Factors Affecting Social Loafing

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	Together with the Social Loafing Effect, there are two other effects that emerge with it, and can contribute to get a better overview of what Social Loafing means and what it can produce to the whole group, not only to an individual.		Together with the Social Loafing Effect, there are two other effects that emerge with it, and can contribute to get a better overview of what Social Loafing means and what it can produce to the whole group, not only to an individual.

	=== Factors Affecting Social Loafing ===		== Factors Affecting Social Loafing ==
	Several different factors affecting social loafing have been determined through experimental studies. These factors and the implications will be described in the following section.		Several different factors affecting social loafing have been determined through experimental studies. These factors and the implications will be described in the following section.

CarolinaValderrama: /* Reducing Social Loafing */

2023-02-19T22:45:35Z

Reducing Social Loafing

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	<ref name="In Projects">Chen, Zhen. 2022. ‘The Impact of Megaproject Stakeholders’ Psychological Ownership on Cooperative Innovation Performance: Territorial Behavior and Social Loafing as Mediator’. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5536516.</ref>		<ref name="In Projects">Chen, Zhen. 2022. ‘The Impact of Megaproject Stakeholders’ Psychological Ownership on Cooperative Innovation Performance: Territorial Behavior and Social Loafing as Mediator’. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5536516.</ref>

	=== Reducing Social Loafing ===		== Reducing Social Loafing ==
	Based on the underlying theories and studies of social loafing described in this article, practical initiatives for the project manager can be identified. These initiatives can be used when establishing, developing, and managing the team to reduce the effect of social loafing.		Based on the underlying theories and studies of social loafing described in this article, practical initiatives for the project manager can be identified. These initiatives can be used when establishing, developing, and managing the team to reduce the effect of social loafing.

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	* Give individual credit and feedback		* Give individual credit and feedback
	* Have open and honest communication		* Have open and honest communication


	=== Solutions from a managerial perspective ===		=== Solutions from a managerial perspective ===

CarolinaValderrama: /* Solutions from a managerial perspective */

2023-02-19T22:44:58Z

Solutions from a managerial perspective

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	=== Solutions from a managerial perspective ===		=== Solutions from a managerial perspective ===
	<ref name ="Managerial">Vveinhardt, Jolita, and Justina Banikonytė. 2017. ‘Managerial Solutions That Increase the Effect of Group Synergy and Reduce Social Loafing’. Management of Organizations: Systematic Research 78 (1): 109–29. https://doi.org/10.1515/MOSR-2017-0019.</ref>		<ref name ="Managerial">Vveinhardt, Jolita, and Justina Banikonytė. 2017. ‘Managerial Solutions That Increase the Effect of Group Synergy and Reduce Social Loafing’. Management of Organizations: Systematic Research 78 (1): 109–29. https://doi.org/10.1515/MOSR-2017-0019.</ref>

			=== Importance of Leadership ===

			<ref name ="Leadership">Baker, Elizabeth White and Thompson, Ronald. 2014. ‘Impacts of Organizational Behavior on IT Project Teams: Leadership’s Impact on Social Loafing’.</ref>

	= Limitations =		= Limitations =

CarolinaValderrama at 22:34, 19 February 2023

2023-02-19T22:34:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:34, 19 February 2023
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	This article will introduce the concept of social loafing and the underlying theories that explain the phenomenon and the factors affecting it. Furthermore, the relation to project, program, and portfolio management will be described as well as practical ways of reducing the effect of social loafing. Lastly, limitations of the theory and the research will be explored.		This article will introduce the concept of social loafing and the underlying theories that explain the phenomenon and the factors affecting it. Furthermore, the relation to project, program, and portfolio management will be described as well as practical ways of reducing the effect of social loafing. Lastly, limitations of the theory and the research will be explored.

	== Big Idea ==		= Big Idea =

	=== Social Loafing and Motivation ===		=== Social Loafing and Motivation ===
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	''- Figure update of how the causes are related and how this can lead help to implement solutions from a managerial perspective''		''- Figure update of how the causes are related and how this can lead help to implement solutions from a managerial perspective''

	== Application ==		= Application =

	=== Social Loafing in Project, Program, and Portfolio Management ===		=== Social Loafing in Project, Program, and Portfolio Management ===
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	<ref name ="Managerial">Vveinhardt, Jolita, and Justina Banikonytė. 2017. ‘Managerial Solutions That Increase the Effect of Group Synergy and Reduce Social Loafing’. Management of Organizations: Systematic Research 78 (1): 109–29. https://doi.org/10.1515/MOSR-2017-0019.</ref>		<ref name ="Managerial">Vveinhardt, Jolita, and Justina Banikonytė. 2017. ‘Managerial Solutions That Increase the Effect of Group Synergy and Reduce Social Loafing’. Management of Organizations: Systematic Research 78 (1): 109–29. https://doi.org/10.1515/MOSR-2017-0019.</ref>

	== Limitations ==		= Limitations =

	Social loafing is a phenomenon that has been observed in more than 130 experimental studies. It has been tested on different types of tasks and by different populations and is thought to be a very robust social phycological concept <ref name ="chapter"/>.		Social loafing is a phenomenon that has been observed in more than 130 experimental studies. It has been tested on different types of tasks and by different populations and is thought to be a very robust social phycological concept <ref name ="chapter"/>.
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	Most of the core research about social loafing was done in the 1970s and 1980s but articles are still being published about the topic. Then the studies were more about the causes and factors, while today the research is more focused on social loafing in different industries and with different technology. For example, social loafing in human-robot interactions and social loafing in virtual teams have been studied recently.<ref name="virtual">Rober, L. P. (2020) Behavior‒output control theory, trust and social loafing in virtual teams. ''Multimodal Technologies and Interaction.'' Volume 4, Issue 3, page 1-22. DOI: 10.3390/mti4030039</ref> <ref name="robot"> Onnasch, L.; Panayotidis, T. (2020) Social Loafing with Robots – An Empirical Investigation ''Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting'' Volume 64, Issue 1, page 97-101</ref> However, the understanding of social loafing and technology is still limited, so more research needs to be done.<ref name ="virtual"/> The knowledge about social loafing keeps evolving and new factors and ways of reducing social loafing keep getting proved or disproved.		Most of the core research about social loafing was done in the 1970s and 1980s but articles are still being published about the topic. Then the studies were more about the causes and factors, while today the research is more focused on social loafing in different industries and with different technology. For example, social loafing in human-robot interactions and social loafing in virtual teams have been studied recently.<ref name="virtual">Rober, L. P. (2020) Behavior‒output control theory, trust and social loafing in virtual teams. ''Multimodal Technologies and Interaction.'' Volume 4, Issue 3, page 1-22. DOI: 10.3390/mti4030039</ref> <ref name="robot"> Onnasch, L.; Panayotidis, T. (2020) Social Loafing with Robots – An Empirical Investigation ''Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting'' Volume 64, Issue 1, page 97-101</ref> However, the understanding of social loafing and technology is still limited, so more research needs to be done.<ref name ="virtual"/> The knowledge about social loafing keeps evolving and new factors and ways of reducing social loafing keep getting proved or disproved.

	== Annotated Bibliography ==		= Annotated Bibliography =
	* Karau, S. & Williams, K. (1993). Social Loafing: A Meta-Analytic Review and Theoretical Integration. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,'' 65, 681-706.		* Karau, S. & Williams, K. (1993). Social Loafing: A Meta-Analytic Review and Theoretical Integration. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,'' 65, 681-706.

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	This is a chapter in the International Handbook of Organizational Teamwork and Cooperative Working. The chapter covers social loafing in relation to teams and organizations. It also covers some of the theories of social loafing and describes possible remedies against social loafing in teams.		This is a chapter in the International Handbook of Organizational Teamwork and Cooperative Working. The chapter covers social loafing in relation to teams and organizations. It also covers some of the theories of social loafing and describes possible remedies against social loafing in teams.

	== References ==		= References =
	<references />		<references />


	[[Category:''People'']]		[[Category:''People'']]