Shannon & Weaver Model for Communication - Revision history

S182655: /* Communications Management Plan */

2019-03-05T11:52:44Z

Communications Management Plan

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	* Flow charts of the information flow in the project, workflows with possible sequence of authorisation, list of reports, meeting plans, etc. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>		* Flow charts of the information flow in the project, workflows with possible sequence of authorisation, list of reports, meeting plans, etc. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>

	For a detailed description of the Project ~~Communication~~ Management Process and the Communications Management Plan see Chapter 10 in ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Sixth Edition. <ref name="Pmbokguide" /> ''		For a detailed description of the Project Communications Management Process and the Communications Management Plan see Chapter 10 in ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Sixth Edition. <ref name="Pmbokguide" /> ''

	== See also ==		== See also ==

S182655: /* Communications Management Plan */

2019-03-05T09:25:53Z

Communications Management Plan

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	* Flow charts of the information flow in the project, workflows with possible sequence of authorisation, list of reports, meeting plans, etc. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>		* Flow charts of the information flow in the project, workflows with possible sequence of authorisation, list of reports, meeting plans, etc. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>

	For a detailed description of the Project Communication Management Process and the Communications Management Plan see Chapter 10 in ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Sixth Edition. <ref name="~~Pmbok2013~~"/> ''		For a detailed description of the Project Communication Management Process and the Communications Management Plan see Chapter 10 in ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Sixth Edition. <ref name="Pmbokguide" /> ''

	== See also ==		== See also ==

S182655: /* Communications Management Plan */

2019-03-05T09:24:45Z

Communications Management Plan

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	=== Communications Management Plan ===		=== Communications Management Plan ===
	It is essential for a project manager to understand the Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication to be familiar with the steps in a communication process. This understanding can assist to develop communication strategies in order to minimise the risk of a communication error or misunderstanding. A Communications Management Plan summarises the developed strategies and planned activities for effective communication. It usually contains guidelines and templates to facilitate communication throughout the project. This is particularly important when communication is necessary between different countries, cultures, and languages. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/> Some of the information in the communications management plan are:		It is essential for a project manager to understand the Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication to be familiar with the steps in a communication process. This understanding can assist to develop communication strategies in order to minimise the risk of a communication error or misunderstanding. A Communications Management Plan summarises the developed strategies and planned activities for effective communication with stakeholders. It forms part of the Project Communications Management Process and usually contains guidelines and templates to facilitate communication throughout the project. This is particularly important when communication is necessary between different countries, cultures, and languages. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/> Some of the information in the communications management plan are:

	* Stakeholder communication requirements;		* Stakeholder communication requirements;
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	* Flow charts of the information flow in the project, workflows with possible sequence of authorisation, list of reports, meeting plans, etc. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>		* Flow charts of the information flow in the project, workflows with possible sequence of authorisation, list of reports, meeting plans, etc. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>

	For a detailed description of the Communications Management Plan see Chapter 10 in ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Sixth Edition.''		For a detailed description of the Project Communication Management Process and the Communications Management Plan see Chapter 10 in ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Sixth Edition. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/> ''

	== See also ==		== See also ==

S182655: /* Abstract */

2019-03-05T09:16:31Z

Abstract

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	Thus, a solid understanding of communication and developed skills to communicate are necessary for project manager to ensure the potential for cooperation and an effective communication within the project team and with all project stakeholders.		Thus, a solid understanding of communication and developed skills to communicate are necessary for project manager to ensure the potential for cooperation and an effective communication within the project team and with all project stakeholders.

	The following article looks into the basic model of communication and its components which is known as the ''Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication''. This model is often referred as the ''Mother of all Models'' as it was particularly important for the development of communication studies. <ref name="Evolution">''Stewart,R. Malayan, R. and Roberts, R. The evolution and use of communication theories. EUROCON'2001. International Conference on Trends in Communications. Technical Program, Proceedings (Cat. No.01EX439), Bratislava, Slovakia, 2001, pp. 251-254 vol.1. doi: 10.1109/EURCON.2001.937806'' </ref> However, it was primarily designed to improve technical communication of radio and telephone. <ref name="Shannon1948"> ''Shannon, C.E. A Mathematical Theory of Communication. The Bell System Technical Journal. 27; 1948: (July and October): 379–423, 623–656'' </ref> Later, the model was used in order to understand and develop effective communication as it offers insights in the way in which communication is designed. Shannon and Weaver suggested three levels of problems and introduced some key concepts which are used in further communication research. ~~A common application~~ of the theory are general communication guidelines for project manager as well as project ~~stakeholder communication and~~ communications management plans.		The following article looks into the basic model of communication and its components which is known as the ''Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication''. This model is often referred as the ''Mother of all Models'' as it was particularly important for the development of communication studies. <ref name="Evolution">''Stewart,R. Malayan, R. and Roberts, R. The evolution and use of communication theories. EUROCON'2001. International Conference on Trends in Communications. Technical Program, Proceedings (Cat. No.01EX439), Bratislava, Slovakia, 2001, pp. 251-254 vol.1. doi: 10.1109/EURCON.2001.937806'' </ref> However, it was primarily designed to improve technical communication of radio and telephone. <ref name="Shannon1948"> ''Shannon, C.E. A Mathematical Theory of Communication. The Bell System Technical Journal. 27; 1948: (July and October): 379–423, 623–656'' </ref> Later, the model was used in order to understand and develop effective communication as it offers insights in the way in which communication is designed. Shannon and Weaver suggested three levels of problems and introduced some key concepts which are used in further communication research. Common applications of the theory within project management are general communication guidelines for project manager as well as the application of project communications including communications management plans to ensure effective communication with stakeholders.

	== Model Description ==		== Model Description ==

S182655: /* Communications Management Plan */

2019-03-04T22:59:19Z

Communications Management Plan

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	* Stakeholder communication requirements;		* Stakeholder communication requirements;
	* Information to be communicated, including language, format, content, and level of detail;		* Information to be communicated, including language, format, content, and level of detail;
	* Person responsible for communicating the information		* Person responsible for communicating the information;
	* Methods or technologies used to convey the information, such as memos, email, press releases, or social media;		* Methods or technologies used to convey the information, such as memos, email, press releases, or social media;
	* Glossary of common terminology		* Glossary of common terminology;
	* Flow charts of the information flow in the project, workflows with possible sequence of authorisation, list of reports, meeting plans, etc. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>		* Flow charts of the information flow in the project, workflows with possible sequence of authorisation, list of reports, meeting plans, etc. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>

S182655: /* Communications Management Plan */

2019-03-04T22:58:58Z

Communications Management Plan

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:58, 4 March 2019
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	=== Communications Management Plan ===		=== Communications Management Plan ===
	It is essential for a project manager to understand the Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication to be familiar with the steps in a communication process. This understanding can assist to develop strategies in order to minimise the risk of a communication error or misunderstanding. A Communications Management Plan summarises the developed strategies and planned activities for effective communication. It usually contains guidelines and templates to facilitate communication throughout the project. This is particularly important when communication is necessary between different countries, cultures, and languages. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/> Some of the information in the communications management plan are:		It is essential for a project manager to understand the Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication to be familiar with the steps in a communication process. This understanding can assist to develop communication strategies in order to minimise the risk of a communication error or misunderstanding. A Communications Management Plan summarises the developed strategies and planned activities for effective communication. It usually contains guidelines and templates to facilitate communication throughout the project. This is particularly important when communication is necessary between different countries, cultures, and languages. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/> Some of the information in the communications management plan are:

	* Stakeholder communication requirements;		* Stakeholder communication requirements;

S182655: /* History */

2019-03-04T22:57:09Z

History

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	=== History ===		=== History ===

	During the Second World War, Claude E. Shannon, a research mathematician and electrical engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories developed a mathematical theory of communication providing the first systematic framework to improve the design of telephone systems. Shannon’s aim was to identify the quickest and most efficient way (channel) to get a message from one point to another. This was motivated by the goal to discover how communication messages could be converted into electronic signals most efficiently, and how those signals could be transmitted with a minimum of error. The theory gives an approach of how to maximise the amount of information in a given channel and how to measure the channel’s capacity. He presented his theory in an article “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” published in two parts in the July and October issues of the Bell System Technical Journey in 1948. <ref name="Shannon1948"/> After this article was published, Warren Weaver recognised that Shannon’s information theory and model has a wider potential for the general communication theory. In 1964, “The Mathematical Theory of Communication” was published by the University of Illinois Press, Urbana~~, in 1964~~. <ref name="Shannon1964"> ''Shannon, C.E., Weaver, W. A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Champaign, IL, US: University of Illinois Press. 1964'' </ref>, ~~consisting of two papers.~~ In the first part, W. Weaver gives an introduction and explanation of Shannon’s theory, accessible for non-scientist and more related to the human communication since the original work was designed under a technical aspect and was formulated as a binary mathematical model. Part two is a reprint of the article published in the Bell System Technical Journal in 1948 with some minor corrections. <ref name="Shannon1964"/> <br />		During the Second World War, Claude E. Shannon, a research mathematician and electrical engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories developed a mathematical theory of communication providing the first systematic framework to improve the design of telephone systems. Shannon’s aim was to identify the quickest and most efficient way (channel) to get a message from one point to another. This was motivated by the goal to discover how communication messages could be converted into electronic signals most efficiently, and how those signals could be transmitted with a minimum of error. The theory gives an approach of how to maximise the amount of information in a given channel and how to measure the channel’s capacity. He presented his theory in an article “A Mathematical Theory of Communication” published in two parts in the July and October issues of the Bell System Technical Journey in 1948. <ref name="Shannon1948"/> After this article was published, Warren Weaver recognised that Shannon’s information theory and model has a wider potential for the general communication theory. In 1964, “The Mathematical Theory of Communication” was published by the University of Illinois Press, Urbana consisting of two papers. <ref name="Shannon1964"> ''Shannon, C.E., Weaver, W. A Mathematical Theory of Communication. Champaign, IL, US: University of Illinois Press. 1964'' </ref>, In the first part, W. Weaver gives an introduction and explanation of Shannon’s theory, accessible for non-scientist and more related to the human communication since the original work was designed under a technical aspect and was formulated as a binary mathematical model. Part two is a reprint of the article published in the Bell System Technical Journal in 1948 with some minor corrections. <ref name="Shannon1964"/> <br />
	Eventually, it became the basic model for communication, known as the Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication. In John Fiske’s words, this model is ' ''widely accepted as one of the main seeds out of which communication Studies has grown. It is a clear example of the process school, seeing communication as the transmission of messages.'' ' <ref name="Fiske"> ''Fiske, J. Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. Second Edition. 1990'' </ref>		Eventually, it became the basic model for communication, known as the Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication. In John Fiske’s words, this model is ' ''widely accepted as one of the main seeds out of which communication Studies has grown. It is a clear example of the process school, seeing communication as the transmission of messages.'' ' <ref name="Fiske"> ''Fiske, J. Introduction to Communication Studies. Routledge. Second Edition. 1990'' </ref>

S182655: /* Application in Project Management */

2019-03-04T22:55:06Z

Application in Project Management

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	Over the past years, the model of Shannon and Weaver has been highly influential in the area of communication and provided a basis for intense subsequent thinking in the way communications were analysed. This led to a further development of a wide range of other communication models. <ref name="Evolution"/>		Over the past years, the model of Shannon and Weaver has been highly influential in the area of communication and provided a basis for intense subsequent thinking in the way communications were analysed. This led to a further development of a wide range of other communication models. <ref name="Evolution"/>
	<br />		<br />
	In general, the purpose of communication models is to facilitate communication. <ref name="Pmbok2013">''Project Management Institute. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide). Fifth Edition; 2013'' </ref> Using the Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication simplifies the complexity of communication and emphasise the analysis. It aids to break down the communication process into steps which can be then diagnosed in order to investigated where barriers of communication are erected or where communication breakdowns take place. <ref name="today">''Eunson, B. Communicating in the 21st Century. John Wiley & Sons, Australia. Fourth Edition; 2015'' </ref> Using the suggested three levels of problems can support the understanding of how the accuracy and efficiency of the communication process can be improved. <ref name="Fiske"/> Furthermore, the model can be used in a predictively way as it supports the dismantling of barriers or compensates the decoding loss be anticipating and carefully encoding the message in order to achieve successful communication. <ref name="today"/>		In general, the purpose of communication models is to facilitate communication. <ref name="Pmbok2013">''Project Management Institute. A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide). Fifth Edition; 2013'' </ref> Within the scope of project management, a study, conducted by PMI, shows that projects mostly fail because of poor communication. <ref name="seven">''Discenza, R. & Forman, J. B (2007). Seven causes of project failure: how to recognize them and how to initiate project recovery. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2007—North America, Atlanta, GA. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.; 2013'' </ref> Having such a negative impact, it is obvious that appropiate communication in a project is important. Using the Shannon and Weaver Model of Communication simplifies the complexity of communication and emphasise the analysis. It aids to break down the communication process into steps which can be then diagnosed in order to investigated where barriers of communication are erected or where communication breakdowns take place. <ref name="today">''Eunson, B. Communicating in the 21st Century. John Wiley & Sons, Australia. Fourth Edition; 2015'' </ref> Using the suggested three levels of problems can support the understanding of how the accuracy and efficiency of the project communication process can be improved. <ref name="Fiske"/> Furthermore, the model can be used in a predictively way as it supports the dismantling of barriers or compensates the decoding loss be anticipating and carefully encoding the message in order to achieve successful communication. <ref name="today"/>
	<br />		<br />
	<br />		<br />

S182655: /* Communications Management Plan */

2019-03-04T22:38:58Z

Communications Management Plan

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:38, 4 March 2019
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	* Flow charts of the information flow in the project, workflows with possible sequence of authorisation, list of reports, meeting plans, etc. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>		* Flow charts of the information flow in the project, workflows with possible sequence of authorisation, list of reports, meeting plans, etc. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>

	For a detailed description of the Communications Management Plan see Chapter 10 in ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge ~~PMBOK~~ Guide, Sixth Edition.''		For a detailed description of the Communications Management Plan see Chapter 10 in ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide), Sixth Edition.''

	== See also ==		== See also ==

S182655: /* Communications Management Plan */

2019-03-04T22:38:39Z

Communications Management Plan

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:38, 4 March 2019
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	=== Communications Management Plan ===		=== Communications Management Plan ===
	It is essential for a project manager to understand the Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication to be familiar with the steps in a communication process. This understanding can assist to develop strategies in order to minimise the risk of a communication error or misunderstanding. A Communications Management Plan summarises the developed strategies and planned activities for an effective communication. It usually contains guidelines and templates to facilitate communication throughout the project. This is particularly important when communication is necessary between different countries, cultures, and languages. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>		It is essential for a project manager to understand the Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication to be familiar with the steps in a communication process. This understanding can assist to develop strategies in order to minimise the risk of a communication error or misunderstanding. A Communications Management Plan summarises the developed strategies and planned activities for effective communication. It usually contains guidelines and templates to facilitate communication throughout the project. This is particularly important when communication is necessary between different countries, cultures, and languages. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/> Some of the information in the communications management plan are:

			* Stakeholder communication requirements;
			* Information to be communicated, including language, format, content, and level of detail;
			* Person responsible for communicating the information
			* Methods or technologies used to convey the information, such as memos, email, press releases, or social media;
			* Glossary of common terminology
			* Flow charts of the information flow in the project, workflows with possible sequence of authorisation, list of reports, meeting plans, etc. <ref name="Pmbok2013"/>

			For a detailed description of the Communications Management Plan see Chapter 10 in ''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK Guide, Sixth Edition.''

	== See also ==		== See also ==