Resources loading, leveling and crashing - Revision history

Tkokotas at 17:44, 16 November 2018

2018-11-16T17:44:13Z

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			''Developed by Piotr Mieszalo''


	==Abstract==		==Abstract==

PiotrMieszalo: /* Limitations */

2018-02-28T18:46:41Z

Limitations

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	Resource levelling is a reliable method to deal with resource fluctuations beyond the acceptable level. The Burgess Method used in the process reduces the period-to-period variations observed in the resource loading method. The goal of this technique is to minimize the sum of square for the resource requirements in each periods. This allows to achieve the higher resource utilization, while simultaneously simplifying the process of resource tracking, controlling and management. However these benefits come often at the cost of extended project duration. Crashing, on the other hand, is a method aiming to compress the project duration without compromising the project . Cost-effective analysis of the activities through crash curve provides guidelines for the project for managers on how to utilize the internal resources to expedite the project delivery to reach the critical path.		Resource levelling is a reliable method to deal with resource fluctuations beyond the acceptable level. The Burgess Method used in the process reduces the period-to-period variations observed in the resource loading method. The goal of this technique is to minimize the sum of square for the resource requirements in each periods. This allows to achieve the higher resource utilization, while simultaneously simplifying the process of resource tracking, controlling and management. However these benefits come often at the cost of extended project duration. Crashing, on the other hand, is a method aiming to compress the project duration without compromising the project . Cost-effective analysis of the activities through crash curve provides guidelines for the project for managers on how to utilize the internal resources to expedite the project delivery to reach the critical path.

	Regardless the choice of the method, the overall point of this article signifies the strong dependence between resource and time management in the project planning. Therefore, the actual challenge is not the choice ~~between~~ one ~~of the methods or~~ another, but rather finding a desiered degree between cost and time trade-offs in the project schedule optimization.		Regardless the choice of the method, the overall point of this article signifies the strong dependence between resource and time management in the project planning. Therefore, the actual challenge is not the choice of one method over another, but rather finding a desiered degree between cost and time trade-offs in the project schedule optimization.

	==Annotated Bibliography==		==Annotated Bibliography==

PiotrMieszalo: /* Limitations */

2018-02-28T17:22:05Z

Limitations

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:22, 28 February 2018
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	==Limitations==		==Limitations==

	The general approach used to deal with resource and time based constraints in the project scheduling can be ~~defined~~ in two steps:		The general approach used to deal with resource and time based constraints in the project scheduling can be summarized in two steps:
	* Set activity priorities according to some criterion		* Set activity priorities according to some criterion
	* Schedule activities in the specified orders with respect to preceding activities and resource availability		* Schedule activities in the specified orders with respect to preceding activities and resource availability
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	Resource levelling is a reliable method to deal with resource fluctuations beyond the acceptable level. The Burgess Method used in the process reduces the period-to-period variations observed in the resource loading method. The goal of this technique is to minimize the sum of square for the resource requirements in each periods. This allows to achieve the higher resource utilization, while simultaneously simplifying the process of resource tracking, controlling and management. However these benefits come often at the cost of extended project duration. Crashing, on the other hand, is a method aiming to compress the project duration without compromising the project . Cost-effective analysis of the activities through crash curve provides guidelines for the project for managers on how to utilize the internal resources to expedite the project delivery to reach the critical path.		Resource levelling is a reliable method to deal with resource fluctuations beyond the acceptable level. The Burgess Method used in the process reduces the period-to-period variations observed in the resource loading method. The goal of this technique is to minimize the sum of square for the resource requirements in each periods. This allows to achieve the higher resource utilization, while simultaneously simplifying the process of resource tracking, controlling and management. However these benefits come often at the cost of extended project duration. Crashing, on the other hand, is a method aiming to compress the project duration without compromising the project . Cost-effective analysis of the activities through crash curve provides guidelines for the project for managers on how to utilize the internal resources to expedite the project delivery to reach the critical path.

	Regardless the choice of the method, the article signifies the strong dependence between resource and time management in project planning. Therefore, ~~in reality~~ the actual challenge is not the choice between one of the ~~presented~~ methods, but rather finding ~~an appropriate~~ degree of cost and time trade-offs ~~for~~ the project schedule optimization.		Regardless the choice of the method, the overall point of this article signifies the strong dependence between resource and time management in the project planning. Therefore, the actual challenge is not the choice between one of the methods or another, but rather finding a desiered degree between cost and time trade-offs in the project schedule optimization.

	==Annotated Bibliography==		==Annotated Bibliography==

PiotrMieszalo: /* Crashing */

2018-02-28T17:17:52Z

Crashing

PiotrMieszalo: /* Crashing */

2018-02-28T17:09:33Z

Crashing

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	==Crashing==		==Crashing==

	Crashing is a method used to analyze and choose the most cost-efficient measurements of compressing the project duration.<ref> B. Tonnquist & J.Hørluck, ''Project Management - a complete guide'', (Academica,2009), 134.</ref> ~~Crashing is a schedule compression technique used to meet schedule constraints, dates and other objectives without compromising the project scope.~~ This can be done by utilizing extra resources like: approving overtime hours, bringing the additional resources or expediting delivery of activities to the reach the critical path.The traditional method of crashing PERT networks ignores the stochastic nature characterizing activity completion time. The crashing method uses the activity time means in calculations to reduce the stochastic model to a deterministic CPM model. A single critical path is then calculated and implemented, while in reality, there may be more than one critical paths.		Crashing is a method used to analyze and choose the most cost-efficient measurements of compressing the project duration.Crashing is a schedule compression technique used to meet schedule constraints, dates and other objectives without compromising the project scope.<ref> B. Tonnquist & J.Hørluck, ''Project Management - a complete guide'', (Academica,2009), 134.</ref> This can be done by utilizing extra resources like: approving overtime hours, bringing the additional resources or expediting delivery of activities to the reach the critical path.The traditional method of crashing PERT networks ignores the stochastic nature characterizing activity completion time. The crashing method uses the activity time means in calculations to reduce the stochastic model to a deterministic CPM model. A single critical path is then calculated and implemented, while in reality, there may be more than one critical paths.

	As a compression technique, crashing focus on the project schedule in an effort to speed up the project's completion date. Circumstances that facilitates crashing include the following:		As a compression technique, crashing focus on the project schedule in an effort to speed up the project's completion date. Circumstances that facilitates crashing include the following:

PiotrMieszalo: /* Burgess Method */

2018-02-28T17:08:04Z

Burgess Method

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	===Burgess Method===		===Burgess Method===

	A systematic procedure for ~~levelling~~ resources was developed by Burgess and Killebrew in 1962. The so-called Burgess method utilizes a simple measure of effectiveness given by the sum of squares of the resource requirements for each of the activities in the project schedule. <ref>Badiru, A. B. (1993). Activity-resource assignments using critical resource diagramming, Project Management Journal, 24(3), 15–21. [[https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/activity-resource-assignments-resource-diagramming-5631 Available online]]</ref> While the sum of resource requirements over the project duration is fixed, the sum of squares of resource-units requirements decreases as the peaks and valleys are ~~levelled~~.		A systematic procedure for leveling resources was developed by Burgess and Killebrew in 1962. The so-called Burgess method utilizes a simple measure of effectiveness given by the sum of squares of the resource requirements for each of the activities in the project schedule. <ref>Badiru, A. B. (1993). Activity-resource assignments using critical resource diagramming, Project Management Journal, 24(3), 15–21. [[https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/activity-resource-assignments-resource-diagramming-5631 Available online]]</ref> While the sum of resource requirements over the project duration is fixed, the sum of squares of resource-units requirements decreases as the peaks and valleys are leveled.

	# List the project activities in the preceding order. Add to the list a duration, an early start and a relevant slack for each activity.		# List the project activities in the preceding order. Add to the list a duration, an early start and a relevant slack for each activity.
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	[[File:Resource Leveling2.jpeg\|600px]]		[[File:Resource Leveling2.jpeg\|600px]]

	To compare these a measure of the resource utilization under each strategy will be performed for ~~these simplified~~ resource-idleness graphs . The effective area is calculated as following:		To compare these a measure of the resource utilization under each strategy will be performed for each of the resource-idleness graphs. The effective area is calculated as following:

	<math>Area 1 = (45) + (31) + (22) + (35) = 42 </math>		<math>Area 1 = (45) + (31) + (22) + (35) = 42 </math>
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	<math>Area 2 = (54) + (23) + (32) + (42) = 40 </math>		<math>Area 2 = (54) + (23) + (32) + (42) = 40 </math>

	The Area of 1st strategy consists of more of the resource-time units than the Area of 2nd strategy. Therefore, It is concluded that the 2nd strategy ~~that~~ is ~~leveled~~ is more effective ~~for~~ resource utilization than strategy 1. Similar measures can be ~~developed~~ for multiple resources. However, for multiple resources; the different resource units must all be scaled to dimensionless quantities before computing the areas bounded by the resource idleness graphs. This assumes that all resources are equally costly or critical. If one resource is much more expensive~~, for example,~~ it can be weighted to indicate the relative significance.		The Area of 1st strategy consists of more of the resource-time units than the Area of 2nd strategy. Therefore, it is concluded that the leveled 2nd strategy is is more effective in terms of resource utilization than strategy 1. Similar measures can be adopted for the projects with multiple resources. However, for multiple resources; the different resource units must all be scaled to dimensionless quantities before computing the areas bounded by the resource idleness graphs. This assumes that all resources are equally costly or critical. If one resource is much more expensive it can be weighted to indicate the relative significance.

	~~Advantages~~ of resource leveling include simplified resource tracking and control, low cost of resource management and increased opportunity for learning. However, acceptable resource leveling is typically obtained at the expense of longer project duration.<ref>Adedeji Badiru, Abidemi Badiru, Adetokunboh Badiru,''Industrial Project Management: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques'',(CRC Press, 2007), 124</ref>		Overall, the advantages of resource leveling include simplified resource tracking and control, low cost of resource management and increased opportunity for learning. However, acceptable resource leveling is typically obtained at the expense of longer project duration.<ref>Adedeji Badiru, Abidemi Badiru, Adetokunboh Badiru,''Industrial Project Management: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques'',(CRC Press, 2007), 124</ref>

	==Crashing==		==Crashing==

PiotrMieszalo: /* Resource Leveling */

2018-02-28T17:04:00Z

Resource Leveling

PiotrMieszalo: /* Resource Loading */

2018-02-28T16:53:35Z

Resource Loading

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	* Show the level of load on the resource if it was assigned to different activities at onc		* Show the level of load on the resource if it was assigned to different activities at onc

	Loading the schedule with necessary resources by activities allows it to become the driver of planning, status and performance.		Loading the schedule with necessary resources by activities allows it to become the driver of project planning, status and performance.

	==Resource Leveling==		==Resource Leveling==

PiotrMieszalo: /* Resource Loading */

2018-02-28T16:51:55Z

Resource Loading

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	==Resource Loading==		==Resource Loading==

	[[File:Resource Loading - Page 1.jpeg\|~~570px~~\|right]]		[[File:Resource Loading - Page 1.jpeg\|560px\|right]]

	Resource loading identifies the amount of project resources required over the project lifecycle. The critical point of this method is that there are definite limitations on the amount of resources available to carry out the project under time consideration. Due to that fact, the project duration may increase beyond the initially estimated end-date. The overall objective of resource loading is to minimize the duration of the project being scheduled subjected to the stated constraints on available resources. Because of resource and time constraints resource loading is the most commonly disseminated method in the project planning. Resource loading can be also refered as constrained-resource scheduling or limited resource allocation.		Resource loading identifies the amount of project resources required over the project lifecycle. The critical point of this method is that there are definite limitations on the amount of resources available to carry out the project under time consideration. Due to that fact, the project duration may increase beyond the initially estimated end-date. The overall objective of resource loading is to minimize the duration of the project being scheduled subjected to the stated constraints on available resources. Because of resource and time constraints resource loading is the most commonly disseminated method in the project planning. Resource loading can be also refered as constrained-resource scheduling or limited resource allocation.

PiotrMieszalo: /* Resource Loading */

2018-02-28T16:51:46Z

Resource Loading

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	==Resource Loading==		==Resource Loading==

	[[File:Resource Loading - Page 1.jpeg\|~~580px~~\|right]]		[[File:Resource Loading - Page 1.jpeg\|570px\|right]]

	Resource loading identifies the amount of project resources required over the project lifecycle. The critical point of this method is that there are definite limitations on the amount of resources available to carry out the project under time consideration. Due to that fact, the project duration may increase beyond the initially estimated end-date. The overall objective of resource loading is to minimize the duration of the project being scheduled subjected to the stated constraints on available resources. Because of resource and time constraints resource loading is the most commonly disseminated method in the project planning. Resource loading can be also refered as constrained-resource scheduling or limited resource allocation.		Resource loading identifies the amount of project resources required over the project lifecycle. The critical point of this method is that there are definite limitations on the amount of resources available to carry out the project under time consideration. Due to that fact, the project duration may increase beyond the initially estimated end-date. The overall objective of resource loading is to minimize the duration of the project being scheduled subjected to the stated constraints on available resources. Because of resource and time constraints resource loading is the most commonly disseminated method in the project planning. Resource loading can be also refered as constrained-resource scheduling or limited resource allocation.

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:17, 28 February 2018
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	==Crashing==		==Crashing==

	Crashing is a method used to analyze and choose the most cost-efficient measurements of compressing the project duration.Crashing is a schedule compression technique used to meet schedule constraints, dates and other objectives without compromising the project scope.<ref> B. Tonnquist & J.Hørluck, ''Project Management - a complete guide'', (Academica,2009), 134.</ref> This can be done by utilizing extra resources like: approving overtime hours, bringing the additional resources or expediting delivery of activities to ~~the~~ reach the critical path.The traditional method of crashing PERT networks ignores the stochastic nature characterizing activity completion time. The crashing method uses the activity time means in calculations to reduce the stochastic model to a deterministic CPM model. A single critical path is then calculated and implemented, while in reality, there may be more than one critical paths.		Crashing is a method used to analyze and choose the most cost-efficient measurements of compressing the project duration.Crashing is a schedule compression technique used to meet schedule constraints, dates and other objectives without compromising the project scope.<ref> B. Tonnquist & J.Hørluck, ''Project Management - a complete guide'', (Academica,2009), 134.</ref> This can be done by utilizing extra resources like: approving overtime hours, bringing the additional resources or expediting delivery of activities to reach the critical path. The traditional method of crashing PERT networks ignores the stochastic nature characterizing activity's completion time. The crashing method uses the activity time means in calculations to reduce the stochastic model to a deterministic CPM model. A single critical path is then calculated and implemented, while in reality, there may be more than one critical paths.

	As a compression technique, crashing focus on the project schedule in an effort to speed up the project's completion date. Circumstances that facilitates crashing include the following:		As a compression technique, crashing focus on the project schedule in an effort to speed up the project's completion date. Circumstances that facilitates crashing include the following:
	* Over-time		* Over-time
	* Allocating additional resources to specific activities		* Allocating additional resources to specific activities
	* Hiring additional ~~workfor~~		* Hiring additional workforce
	* Benefits payments for early completion		* Benefits payments for early completion
	* Penalty for late completion		* Penalty for late completion
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	===Process===		===Process===

	It is in the project manager interest to crash the project in a way that would speed up the project with the ~~least~~ cost possible. The basic processes involved in the crashing<ref> Kelly, É. V. (2011). Crash with confidence. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2011—EMEA, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. [[https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/generating-crash-analysis-calculating-costs-6224 Available online]] </ref> includes:		It is in the project manager interest to crash the project in a way that would speed up the project with the smallest cost possible. The basic processes involved in the crashing<ref> Kelly, É. V. (2011). Crash with confidence. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2011—EMEA, Dublin, Leinster, Ireland. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute. [[https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/generating-crash-analysis-calculating-costs-6224 Available online]] </ref> includes:

	# Define the project logic <br />The project precedence diagram can be developed, based on either logic driven or resource-driven constraints, once the WBS is known.		# Define the project logic. <br />The project precedence diagram can be developed, based on either logic driven or resource-driven constraints, once the WBS is known.
	# Add the duration for each activity <br />Determine and assign appropriate time duration to each of the activity		# Add the duration for each activity. <br />Determine and assign appropriate time duration to each of the activity.
	# Establish the project critical path <br />Critical path is of primary importance as there is no point in crashing non-critical activities that would increase costs without any time saving benefits		# Establish the project critical path. <br />Critical path is of primary importance as there is no point in crashing the non-critical activities that would simply increase costs without any time saving benefits.
	# Calculate the cost of crashing each activity <br />This is defined as a function of resources and availability. The duration and cost of each of the activity will be calculated first for normal and then for crash scenario. The crash cost can be calculated by the use of extra resources understood as workforce and other overhead cost such as supply or fuel required to accomplish given activity.		# Calculate the cost of crashing each activity. <br />This is defined as a function of resources and availability. The duration and cost of each of the activity will be calculated first for normal and then for crash scenario. The crash cost can be calculated by the use of extra resources understood as workforce and other overhead cost such as supply or fuel required to accomplish given activity.
	# Calculate cost of crashing per unit time <br />This is calculated by dividing the crash cost of a given activity by its crash duration expressed in weeks or days.		# Calculate cost of crashing per unit time. <br />This is calculated by dividing the crash cost of a given activity by its crash duration expressed in weeks or days.
	# Calculate crash sequence <br />The crash sequence is determined by finding the cheapest unit crash cost activity preceding the more expensive unit-crash cost activity. The sequence will appear as a negative curve, rising more steeply while moving away from the origin, which represents original project time and cost. The curve should always rise more and more steeply as the unit crash cost increases for the later items, producing a cumulative effect that is more and more costly.		# Calculate crash sequence. <br />The crash sequence is determined by finding the cheapest unit crash cost activity preceding the more expensive unit-crash cost activity. The sequence will appear as a negative curve, rising more steeply while moving away from the origin, which represents original project time and cost. The curve should always rise more and more steeply as the unit crash cost increases for the later items, producing a cumulative effect that is more and more costly.
	# Check the critical path <br />Crashing the path activities will reduce the overall length of the critical paths. Due to that reason, it may turn out that the original critical path will no longer be critical, as it becomes shorter than the other parallel paths through the network. Since that, the critical part needs to be checked after each crash to ensure about its criticality. If the path becomes critical before the crash limit has been reached, then the entire crashing process needs to be repeated until a new critical path is identified. Once any critical path in the network becomes fully crashed, the process is ended.		# Check the critical path. <br />Crashing the path activities will reduce the overall length of the critical paths. Due to that reason, it may turn out that the original critical path will no longer be critical, as it becomes shorter than the other parallel paths through the network. Since that, the critical part needs to be checked after each crash to ensure about its criticality. If the path becomes critical before the crash limit has been reached, then the entire crashing process needs to be repeated until a new critical path is identified. Once any critical path in the network becomes fully crashed, the process is ended.
	# Crash the network to the crash limit <br />The crash limit defines the point in which no further crashing can be performed. It is generally considered ~~that~~ that all of the activities on the critical path can be crashed while still remaining on it. The crash curve will shape ~~into the Typical~~ time-cost curve, where each of the activity on the curve will show the time-cost trade-off alternative.		# Crash the network to the crash limit <br />The crash limit defines the point in which no further crashing can be performed. It is generally considered that all of the activities on the critical path can be crashed while still remaining on it. The crash curve will shape intoa typical time-cost curve, where each of the activity on the curve will show the time-cost trade-off alternative.

	[[File:Time cost curve.jpg\|500px\|right]]		[[File:Time cost curve.jpg\|500px\|right]]
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	===Time-Cost Curve===		===Time-Cost Curve===

	To determine a desirable degree of crashing a use of time-cost graph may provide valuable insights on how does the total cost of the project change depending on the project duration. The graph indicates that the faster the project will be finished, cost of the project will increase exponentially. Respectively, the project cost will decrease to the project duration increase but only until the point when no more trade-offs can be made.		To determine a desirable degree of crashing a use of time-cost graph may provide valuable insights on how does the total cost of the project change depending on the project duration. The graph indicates that the faster the project will be finished, then cost of the project will increase exponentially. Respectively, the project cost will decrease to the project duration increase, but only until the point when no more trade-offs can be made.

	The main points characterizing the time-cost curve are:		The main points characterizing the time-cost curve are:

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:04, 28 February 2018
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	==Resource Leveling==		==Resource Leveling==

	Hills and valleys in resource requirements generally represent inefficiencies, so efforts must be made to “level” the resource allocation in schedule.Resource leveling is the optimization technique used to adjust the schedule model to the demand and supply fluctuations. It adapts the start ad finish dates based on the resource constraints with ~~the~~ goal of balancing demand for resources with the ~~available~~ supply. The method can be used when the required resources are available only during certain period or in limited quantity or. It is also used to balance the resource consumption level. <ref name="Book2"> "6.6.2.4 Resource Optimization Techniques",''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)'', (Project Management Institute, 2013), 179.</ref>		Hills and valleys in resource requirements generally represent inefficiencies, so efforts must be made to “level” the resource allocation in a schedule. Resource leveling is the optimization technique used to adjust the schedule model to the demand and supply fluctuations. It adapts the start and finish dates based on the resource constraints with a goal of balancing demand for resources with the supply on-hand. The method can be used when the required resources are available only during certain period or in limited quantity. It is also used to balance the resource consumption level. <ref name="Book2"> "6.6.2.4 Resource Optimization Techniques",''A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)'', (Project Management Institute, 2013), 179.</ref>

	===Burgess Method===		===Burgess Method===
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	A systematic procedure for levelling resources was developed by Burgess and Killebrew in 1962. The so-called Burgess method utilizes a simple measure of effectiveness given by the sum of squares of the resource requirements for each of the activities in the project schedule. <ref>Badiru, A. B. (1993). Activity-resource assignments using critical resource diagramming, Project Management Journal, 24(3), 15–21. [[https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/activity-resource-assignments-resource-diagramming-5631 Available online]]</ref> While the sum of resource requirements over the project duration is fixed, the sum of squares of resource-units requirements decreases as the peaks and valleys are levelled.		A systematic procedure for levelling resources was developed by Burgess and Killebrew in 1962. The so-called Burgess method utilizes a simple measure of effectiveness given by the sum of squares of the resource requirements for each of the activities in the project schedule. <ref>Badiru, A. B. (1993). Activity-resource assignments using critical resource diagramming, Project Management Journal, 24(3), 15–21. [[https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/activity-resource-assignments-resource-diagramming-5631 Available online]]</ref> While the sum of resource requirements over the project duration is fixed, the sum of squares of resource-units requirements decreases as the peaks and valleys are levelled.

	# List the project activities in the preceding order. Add to the list duration, early start and a relevant slack for each activity.		# List the project activities in the preceding order. Add to the list a duration, an early start and a relevant slack for each activity.
	# Start with the last activity, schedule it to give the lowest sum of squares of resources requirements for each time unit. If more than one schedule gives the same total amount of squares, schedule the activity as late as possible to provide more slack to the preceding activities.		# Start with the last activity, schedule it to give the lowest sum of squares of resources requirements for each time unit. If more than one schedule gives the same total amount of squares, schedule the activity as late as possible to provide more slack to the preceding activities.
	# Fix the last modified activity and proceed ~~wit~~ Step 2 to the next last activity in the network, taking advantage of slack available after the previous step.		# Fix the last modified activity and proceed with Step 2 to the next last activity in the network, taking advantage of slack available after the previous step.
	# Continue with the previous step until the 1st activity of the list is reached. Once the 1st activity is rescheduled, the first reschedule cycle is ~~complete~~.		# Continue with the previous step until the 1st activity of the list is reached. Once the 1st activity is rescheduled, the first reschedule cycle is completed.
	# Continue with additional rescheduling cycles repeating steps from 2 to 4 until no further reduction in total sum of squares od resource requirements can be made.		# Continue with additional rescheduling cycles repeating steps from 2 to 4 until no further reduction in the total sum of squares of resource requirements can be made.
	# Choose the best schedule obtained.		# Choose the best schedule obtained.
	# Make final adjustments to the chosen schedule in Step 6 by taking into considerations factors and requirements that were not considered in the initial scheduling procedure.		# Make final adjustments to the chosen schedule in Step 6 by taking into considerations factors and requirements that were not considered in the initial scheduling procedure.
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	<math>Area 2 = (54) + (23) + (32) + (42) = 40 </math>		<math>Area 2 = (54) + (23) + (32) + (42) = 40 </math>

	~~As the~~ Area of 1st strategy consists of more of the resource-time units than the Area of 2nd strategy. It is concluded that the 2nd strategy that is leveled is more effective for resource utilization than strategy 1. Similar measures can be developed for multiple resources. However, for multiple resources; the different resource units must all be scaled to dimensionless quantities before computing the areas bounded by the resource idleness graphs. This assumes that all resources are equally costly or critical. If one resource is much more expensive, for example, it can be weighted to indicate the relative significance.		The Area of 1st strategy consists of more of the resource-time units than the Area of 2nd strategy. Therefore, It is concluded that the 2nd strategy that is leveled is more effective for resource utilization than strategy 1. Similar measures can be developed for multiple resources. However, for multiple resources; the different resource units must all be scaled to dimensionless quantities before computing the areas bounded by the resource idleness graphs. This assumes that all resources are equally costly or critical. If one resource is much more expensive, for example, it can be weighted to indicate the relative significance.

	Advantages of resource leveling include simplified resource tracking and control, low cost of resource management and increased opportunity for learning. However, acceptable resource leveling is typically obtained at the expense of longer project duration.<ref>Adedeji Badiru, Abidemi Badiru, Adetokunboh Badiru,''Industrial Project Management: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques'',(CRC Press, 2007), 124</ref>		Advantages of resource leveling include simplified resource tracking and control, low cost of resource management and increased opportunity for learning. However, acceptable resource leveling is typically obtained at the expense of longer project duration.<ref>Adedeji Badiru, Abidemi Badiru, Adetokunboh Badiru,''Industrial Project Management: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques'',(CRC Press, 2007), 124</ref>