Quality control - Revision history

S133558 at 10:00, 20 June 2017

2017-06-20T10:00:37Z

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	Defects and errors in construction projects have been subject to attention in the medias and debates through out the years. ~~There exists a~~ general consensus of a lack of quality on the construction sites, thus an increasing effort have been made to improve the quality of construction projects by a number of political initiatives <ref name="art1Kir">Schultz, Casper S., Jørgensen, Kirsten, Bonke, Sten and Rasmussen, Grane M. G., Architectural Engineering and Design Management, Taylor and Francis Group, 2015, "		Defects and errors in construction projects have been subject to attention in the medias and debates through out the years. A general consensus of a lack of quality on the construction sites exists, thus an increasing effort have been made to improve the quality of construction projects by a number of political initiatives<ref name="art1Kir">Schultz, Casper S., Jørgensen, Kirsten, Bonke, Sten and Rasmussen, Grane M. G., Architectural Engineering and Design Management, Taylor and Francis Group, 2015, "
	Building defects in Danish construction: project characteristics influencing the occurrence of defects at handover"</ref>. When managing quality in a project an important aspect is Quality Control, which is the topic of this article.		Building defects in Danish construction: project characteristics influencing the occurrence of defects at handover"</ref>. When managing quality in a project an important aspect is Quality Control (QC), which is the topic of this article. First the definition of QC is elaborated and examples of process QC and product QC is given, in order to clarify the difference between the two types of QC. The standard DS/ISO 21500 outlines different aspects that have to be considered when performing QC, why these are mentioned in the article. Different QC policies and techniques exist and their objectives, advantage and disadvantages are elucidated. At last limiting conditions when performing QC is stated.

	=Definition of Quality Control=		=Definition of Quality Control=

S133558: /* Performing Quality Control */

2017-06-20T09:18:46Z

Performing Quality Control

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	== Performing Quality Control==		= Performing Quality Control=

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S133558: /* Performing quality control */

2017-06-20T09:18:29Z

Performing quality control

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	= Performing ~~quality control~~=		== Performing Quality Control==

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2017-06-20T09:17:43Z

Performing quality control

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	In order to perform QC, tools and inspection procedures are needed. These inspection procedures and QC tools are specified in the part of the quality management called Quality Assurance <ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>. The primary inputs and outputs of performing QC in construction project given by the standard DS/ISO 21500 <ref name="ISO21500">Danish Standards, 2013, "DS/EN 21500: Guidance on project management, 2nd edition"</ref> are shown in Table 1. Here it can be seen that QC has a high dependency of good planning, as the primary inputs are a result of planning the quality in the project. The primary outputs indicate, that QC is not only a ~~checking if~~ requirements are meet, but it also includes documentation, communication and analysis. ~~Further more~~ it is seen that QC also have to prevent defects and non-conformance from taking place.		In order to perform QC, tools and inspection procedures are needed. These inspection procedures and QC tools are specified in the part of the quality management called Quality Assurance <ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>. The primary inputs and outputs of performing QC in construction project given by the standard DS/ISO 21500 <ref name="ISO21500">Danish Standards, 2013, "DS/EN 21500: Guidance on project management, 2nd edition"</ref> are shown in Table 1. Here it can be seen that QC has a high dependency of good planning, as the primary inputs are a result of planning the quality in the project. The primary outputs indicate, that QC is not only a check of requirements are meet, but it also includes documentation, communication and analysis. Furthermore it is seen that QC also have to prevent defects and non-conformance from taking place.

S133558: /* Performance measurements (Histogram) */

2017-06-20T08:42:39Z

Performance measurements (Histogram)

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	==Performance measurements (Histogram) ==		==Performance measurements (Histogram) ==

	[[File:Historgram.png\|thumb\|\|400px\|'''Figure 7''', Historgram over causes to measured non-conformance <ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "~~</ref>.. The secondary cause are attached to the primary causes by small arrows <ref name="CED">Wikipedia, "Ishikawa diagram ", access: 11-06-2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishikawa_diagram]~~</ref>.]]		[[File:Historgram.png\|thumb\|\|400px\|'''Figure 7''', Historgram over causes to measured non-conformance <ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>.]]

	Graham M. Winch states: '' "Little progress can be made in understanding the roots of quality problems unless the outputs from the process are measured and analysed" '' <ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>.		Graham M. Winch states: '' "Little progress can be made in understanding the roots of quality problems unless the outputs from the process are measured and analysed" '' <ref name="winch">Winch, Graham M., Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, "Managing Construction Projects, 2nd edition "</ref>.

S133558: /* Quality control techniques */

2017-06-16T08:32:57Z

Quality control techniques

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	Various techniques and tools to perform QC are developed through time. Frequently used tools are Ishikawa's seven tools <ref name="IshikawaBook">Ishikawa, Kauro, Tokyo 3A Corporation, 1990, "Introduction to Quality Control "</ref>:		Various techniques and tools to perform QC are developed through time. Frequently used tools are Ishikawa's seven tools <ref name="IshikawaBook">Ishikawa, Kauro, Tokyo 3A Corporation, 1990, "Introduction to Quality Control "</ref>:

	1. Cause and effect diagram		1. Cause and effect diagram

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2017-06-15T07:30:43Z

Limitations

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	Knowledge – people have to understand the process in order to control them. Problem is that managers are trying to control processes they have no knowledge about. (Cite Oakland den mindre article)		Knowledge – people have to understand the process in order to control them. Problem is that managers are trying to control processes they have no knowledge about. (Cite Oakland den mindre article)

			Designer makes errors ... (processes that can't be done etc.)

	=Annotated bibliography =		=Annotated bibliography =

S133558: /* Quality control techniques */

2017-06-13T14:36:44Z

Quality control techniques

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	7. Flow charts		7. Flow charts

	In the following three of the tools (Cause and effect diagrams, ~~Historgrams~~ and Flow charts) will be described in relation to QC in construction projects.		In the following three of the tools (Cause and effect diagrams, Histograms and Flow charts) will be described in relation to QC in construction projects.

	== Cause and effect diagrams ==		== Cause and effect diagrams ==

S133558: /* Quality control techniques */

2017-06-13T14:36:31Z

Quality control techniques

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	7. Flow charts		7. Flow charts

	In the following three of the tools (Cause and effect diagrams, ~~Pareto charts~~ and Flow charts) will be described in relation to QC in construction projects.		In the following three of the tools (Cause and effect diagrams, Historgrams and Flow charts) will be described in relation to QC in construction projects.

	== Cause and effect diagrams ==		== Cause and effect diagrams ==

S133558: /* Performance measurements (Histogram) */

2017-06-13T12:31:33Z

Performance measurements (Histogram)

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	https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pareto_analysis_in_construction		https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Pareto_analysis_in_construction