Perception filters - Revision history

Pschatt: /* How to react as a Project Manager */

2022-03-20T11:58:35Z

How to react as a Project Manager

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	= How to react as a Project Manager =		= How to react as a Project Manager =

	Perception filtering can influence the project outcome and plays a part in different aspects within the management of portfolios, programs and projects.<ref name=PMGuide> Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021) </ref> In Risk Management, for example, the observable behaviour can prior be influenced by the disposition towards uncertainty. That is adopted explicit or implicit by individuals and groups and influences as biological perception filter the reception of messages related to risk. <ref name=PMIRisk> PMI Standard for Risk Management (2019) </ref> Acknowledging that each perception and also their own are influenced by filters is an important skill set for managers to make reasoned decisions. The decision-making in project management is thereby characterized by dynamic complexity. This is determined by the underlying of the problem itself and the "behavioral complexity" of group effects. <ref name=four> Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Roth, G., Smith, B., & Guman, E. C. (1999). The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations </ref> It is necessary for a project manager to manage the interactions between stakeholders and the communications effectively to ensure successful cooperation towards project outcomes and the realization of benefits. The three main pillars of communication management are Planning communication, distributing communication and monitoring the impact of communication to increase the understanding among various stakeholders, providing accurate unbiased Information and minimize the risk. <ref name=five> ISO 21502:2020 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on project management; Chapter 7.1.3 </ref> The importance of perception filtering increases with the decisiveness of the received messages. In feedback situations, the consideration of personal filters, for example, is important and is usually adjusted for each individual based on tacit knowledge about the person. Another important field is change management where "Change is as much about peoples expectations and perceptions as it is about managing facts" <ref name=PMMangainepage> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017), Page: 362 </ref>. Multiple actions like training, coaching, mentoring, stakeholder engagement and targeted communication can be used to lower negative perception filters.<ref name=PMMangaine> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017) </ref>		Perception filtering can influence the project outcome and plays a part in different aspects within the management of portfolios, programs and projects.<ref name=PMGuide> Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021) </ref> In Risk Management, for example, the observable behaviour can prior be influenced by the disposition towards uncertainty. That is adopted explicit or implicit by individuals and groups and influences as biological perception filter the reception of messages related to risk. <ref name=PMIRisk> PMI Standard for Risk Management (2019) </ref> Acknowledging that each perception and also their own are influenced by filters is an important skill set for managers to make reasoned decisions. The decision-making in project management is thereby characterized by dynamic complexity. This is determined by the underlying of the problem itself and the "behavioral complexity" of group effects. <ref name=four> Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Roth, G., Smith, B., & Guman, E. C. (1999). The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations </ref> It is necessary for a project manager to manage the interactions between stakeholders and the communications effectively to ensure successful cooperation towards project outcomes and the realization of benefits. The three main pillars of communication management are Planning communication, distributing communication and monitoring the impact of communication to increase the understanding among various stakeholders, providing accurate unbiased Information and minimize the risk. <ref name=five> ISO 21502:2020 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on project management; Chapter 7.1.3 </ref> The importance of perception filtering increases with the decisiveness of the received messages. In feedback situations, the consideration of personal filters, for example, is important and is usually adjusted for each individual based on tacit knowledge about the person. Another important field is change management where "Change is as much about peoples expectations and perceptions as it is about managing facts". <ref name=PMMangainepage> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017), Page: 362 </ref> Multiple actions like training, coaching, mentoring, stakeholder engagement and targeted communication can be used to lower negative perception filters.<ref name=PMMangaine> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017) </ref>
	A first step to achieve this is to choose the right communication medium to overcome more filters. Oral communication is better suited for complex and emotionally laden topics because it gives the opportunity to see the end results of the filtering process. Written communication should more be used for straightforward messages and information delivery. Find a common ground to communicate on can thereby help to decrease the influences of the filters. Finding a field of shared experiences with multiple disciplines involved insures the knowledge of the filter in these areas and is the basis for a more similar perception. To create knowledge about these common filters, open corporate culture with a no shame no blame approach is beneficial. <ref name=six> H.M.F. Marynissen (2011) The Relationship between Organisational		A first step to achieve this is to choose the right communication medium to overcome more filters. Oral communication is better suited for complex and emotionally laden topics because it gives the opportunity to see the end results of the filtering process. Written communication should more be used for straightforward messages and information delivery. Find a common ground to communicate on can thereby help to decrease the influences of the filters. Finding a field of shared experiences with multiple disciplines involved insures the knowledge of the filter in these areas and is the basis for a more similar perception. To create knowledge about these common filters, open corporate culture with a no shame no blame approach is beneficial. <ref name=six> H.M.F. Marynissen (2011) The Relationship between Organisational
	Communication and Perception, Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 111:4, 193-199 </ref>		Communication and Perception, Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 111:4, 193-199 </ref>

Pschatt: /* How to react as a Project Manager */

2022-03-20T11:56:42Z

How to react as a Project Manager

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:56, 20 March 2022
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	= How to react as a Project Manager =		= How to react as a Project Manager =

	Perception filtering can influence the project outcome and plays a part in different aspects within the management of portfolios, programs and projects.<ref name=PMGuide> Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021) </ref> In Risk Management, for example, the observable behaviour can prior be influenced by the disposition towards uncertainty. That is adopted explicit or implicit by individuals and groups and influences as biological perception filter the reception of ~~messenges~~ related to risk. <ref name=PMIRisk> PMI Standard for Risk Management (2019) </ref> Acknowledging that each perception and also their own are influenced by filters is an important skill set for managers to make reasoned decisions. The decision-making in project management is thereby characterized by dynamic complexity. This is determined by the underlying of the problem itself and the "behavioral complexity" of group effects. <ref name=four> Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Roth, G., Smith, B., & Guman, E. C. (1999). The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations </ref> It is necessary for a project manager to manage the interactions between stakeholders and the communications effectively to ensure successful cooperation towards project outcomes and the realization of benefits. The three main pillars of communication management are Planning communication, distributing communication and monitoring the impact of communication to increase the understanding among various stakeholders, providing accurate unbiased Information and minimize the risk. <ref name=five> ISO 21502:2020 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on project management; Chapter 7.1.3 </ref> The importance of perception filtering increases with the decisiveness of the received messages. In feedback situations, the consideration of personal filters, for example, is important and is usually adjusted for each individual based on tacit knowledge about the person. Another important field is change management where "Change is as much about peoples expectations and perceptions as it is about managing facts" <ref name=PMMangainepage> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017), Page: 362 </ref>. Multiple actions like training, coaching, mentoring, stakeholder engagement and targeted communication can be used to lower negative perception filters.<ref name=PMMangaine> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017) </ref>		Perception filtering can influence the project outcome and plays a part in different aspects within the management of portfolios, programs and projects.<ref name=PMGuide> Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021) </ref> In Risk Management, for example, the observable behaviour can prior be influenced by the disposition towards uncertainty. That is adopted explicit or implicit by individuals and groups and influences as biological perception filter the reception of messages related to risk. <ref name=PMIRisk> PMI Standard for Risk Management (2019) </ref> Acknowledging that each perception and also their own are influenced by filters is an important skill set for managers to make reasoned decisions. The decision-making in project management is thereby characterized by dynamic complexity. This is determined by the underlying of the problem itself and the "behavioral complexity" of group effects. <ref name=four> Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Roth, G., Smith, B., & Guman, E. C. (1999). The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations </ref> It is necessary for a project manager to manage the interactions between stakeholders and the communications effectively to ensure successful cooperation towards project outcomes and the realization of benefits. The three main pillars of communication management are Planning communication, distributing communication and monitoring the impact of communication to increase the understanding among various stakeholders, providing accurate unbiased Information and minimize the risk. <ref name=five> ISO 21502:2020 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on project management; Chapter 7.1.3 </ref> The importance of perception filtering increases with the decisiveness of the received messages. In feedback situations, the consideration of personal filters, for example, is important and is usually adjusted for each individual based on tacit knowledge about the person. Another important field is change management where "Change is as much about peoples expectations and perceptions as it is about managing facts" <ref name=PMMangainepage> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017), Page: 362 </ref>. Multiple actions like training, coaching, mentoring, stakeholder engagement and targeted communication can be used to lower negative perception filters.<ref name=PMMangaine> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017) </ref>
	A first step to achieve this is to choose the right communication medium to overcome more filters. Oral communication is better suited for complex and emotionally laden topics because it gives the opportunity to see the end results of the filtering process. Written communication should more be used for straightforward messages and information delivery. Find a common ground to communicate on can thereby help to decrease the influences of the filters. Finding a field of shared experiences with multiple disciplines involved insures the knowledge of the filter in these areas and is the basis for a more similar perception. To create knowledge about these common filters, open corporate culture with a no shame no blame approach is beneficial. <ref name=six> H.M.F. Marynissen (2011) The Relationship between Organisational		A first step to achieve this is to choose the right communication medium to overcome more filters. Oral communication is better suited for complex and emotionally laden topics because it gives the opportunity to see the end results of the filtering process. Written communication should more be used for straightforward messages and information delivery. Find a common ground to communicate on can thereby help to decrease the influences of the filters. Finding a field of shared experiences with multiple disciplines involved insures the knowledge of the filter in these areas and is the basis for a more similar perception. To create knowledge about these common filters, open corporate culture with a no shame no blame approach is beneficial. <ref name=six> H.M.F. Marynissen (2011) The Relationship between Organisational
	Communication and Perception, Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 111:4, 193-199 </ref>		Communication and Perception, Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 111:4, 193-199 </ref>

Pschatt at 11:48, 20 March 2022

2022-03-20T11:48:36Z

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	Perception is the process in which a person interprets organizes and maintains ~~informations~~ from their environment. The theory of perception filtering can be derived from [[Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication]] as a form of information entropy that is created during the coding and decoding of a message from the deliverer to the recipient. Perception filtering is in this process the subconscious selection on a subset out of a large number of present stimuli at any time. <ref name=one> American Psychological Association 2022; URL: https://dictionary.apa.org/perceptual-filtering </ref> This focus is individual and determined by biological, cultural and language prerequisites as well as values and thinking styles. <ref name=two> Belling, B. & Mangalaars, F. A. H. (2004). How filters and perceptions influence your thinking, behavioral and success in project management: "mind dancing" as a way to success and leadership. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2004—EMEA, Prague, Czech Republic. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute </ref> The process is necessary since the cognitive and physical capacity of individuals to process and respond to a large number of ~~informations~~ is limited. <ref name=one> https://dictionary.apa.org/perceptual-filtering </ref> Because of this filtering, persons exposed to the same set of ~~informations~~ can end up with a different perception and draw other conclusions. This can also lead to different attributions made by managers and workers explaining workplace behaviour and misunderstandings in project management. <ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref> Acknowledging the existence of perceptional filters and actively addressing them can be an important communication skill for managers addressing messages and achieving the intended behaviour. The foundation for this is a previous engagement with the interlocutor and individual communication in order to selectively address or circumvent the filters. This approach is particularly suitable in situations where the reception of the message is of particular importance, such as in change management or feedback.		Perception is the process in which a person interprets organizes and maintains information from their environment. The theory of perception filtering can be derived from [[Shannon and Weaver Model for Communication]] as a form of information entropy that is created during the coding and decoding of a message from the deliverer to the recipient. Perception filtering is in this process the subconscious selection on a subset out of a large number of present stimuli at any time. <ref name=one> American Psychological Association 2022; URL: https://dictionary.apa.org/perceptual-filtering </ref> This focus is individual and determined by biological, cultural and language prerequisites as well as values and thinking styles. <ref name=two> Belling, B. & Mangalaars, F. A. H. (2004). How filters and perceptions influence your thinking, behavioral and success in project management: "mind dancing" as a way to success and leadership. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2004—EMEA, Prague, Czech Republic. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute </ref> The process is necessary since the cognitive and physical capacity of individuals to process and respond to a large number of information is limited. <ref name=one> https://dictionary.apa.org/perceptual-filtering </ref> Because of this filtering, persons exposed to the same set of information can end up with a different perception and draw other conclusions. This can also lead to different attributions made by managers and workers explaining workplace behaviour and misunderstandings in project management. <ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref> Acknowledging the existence of perceptional filters and actively addressing them can be an important communication skill for managers addressing messages and achieving the intended behaviour. The foundation for this is a previous engagement with the interlocutor and individual communication in order to selectively address or circumvent the filters. This approach is particularly suitable in situations where the reception of the message is of particular importance, such as in change management or feedback.

	= What is Perception =		= What is Perception =
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	The filters are present in each of the phases of ''attention, organization, interpretation'' and ''retention'' that are building the final perception.<ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref>		The filters are present in each of the phases of ''attention, organization, interpretation'' and ''retention'' that are building the final perception.<ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref>
	''Attention'' is the process of becoming aware and noticing stimuli. The Perception filters are influencing which stimuli we are more attentive to than others and limiting the number of impressions that are going to the next phase: ''Organization''. Here the remaining ~~informations~~ are incorporated into the existing knowledge. As a cause of perceptional filters knowledge that is consistent with our current knowledge is more likely to be incorporated. Thereafter a meaning is attached to the processe's information. This ''Interpretation'' is influenced by our preferences, beliefs and values. Finally, parts of the information are filed away to be remembered. This process is called ''retention'' and here, too, perception filters play a role in selecting which information we can access in the future. In this whole process, the receptor will compare the ~~informations~~ with an existing personal context in a specific area. If there is no match the message is compared to the other personal areas. When there is a match the message is translated within the receptors framework whereby parts of the message sometimes being omitted. This is a subconscious process that is driven by multiple perceptions and can lead to different perceptions of the same message.		''Attention'' is the process of becoming aware and noticing stimuli. The Perception filters are influencing which stimuli we are more attentive to than others and limiting the number of impressions that are going to the next phase: ''Organization''. Here the remaining information are incorporated into the existing knowledge. As a cause of perceptional filters knowledge that is consistent with our current knowledge is more likely to be incorporated. Thereafter a meaning is attached to the processe's information. This ''Interpretation'' is influenced by our preferences, beliefs and values. Finally, parts of the information are filed away to be remembered. This process is called ''retention'' and here, too, perception filters play a role in selecting which information we can access in the future. In this whole process, the receptor will compare the information with an existing personal context in a specific area. If there is no match the message is compared to the other personal areas. When there is a match the message is translated within the receptors framework whereby parts of the message sometimes being omitted. This is a subconscious process that is driven by multiple perceptions and can lead to different perceptions of the same message.

	The message "The top manager is coming to visit us next week." can be interpreted in different ways.<ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref> From one person as "Next week is pretty soon and I need to get my work done until then so I can present it" In this example, the person filters the time period and the hierarchical information as the main elements out of the and interpreted it in the company framework as a pressure to deliver results. Another employee can interpret the same message as "The head office must have recognized the sales have gone up and wants to congratulate us" here the personal framework of positive work-related experience over the last weeks are linked to the massage and form a positive perception. A third person can have the perception driven by a personal filter and the wish to develop themselves: "The manager is a well-educated person he might us for sure some practical tips how to improve our work"		The message "The top manager is coming to visit us next week." can be interpreted in different ways.<ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref> From one person as "Next week is pretty soon and I need to get my work done until then so I can present it" In this example, the person filters the time period and the hierarchical information as the main elements out of the and interpreted it in the company framework as a pressure to deliver results. Another employee can interpret the same message as "The head office must have recognized the sales have gone up and wants to congratulate us" here the personal framework of positive work-related experience over the last weeks are linked to the massage and form a positive perception. A third person can have the perception driven by a personal filter and the wish to develop themselves: "The manager is a well-educated person he might us for sure some practical tips how to improve our work"
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	'''Selective perception'''		'''Selective perception'''

	In the attention phase, selective perception is described as a tendency to notice preferable ~~informations~~ and stimuli that are related to our current values beliefs and screening out nonconforming. A manager who has a high opinion of an employee will forget or perceive poor performance more quickly than he would with an employee of whom he has a negative overall image.		In the attention phase, selective perception is described as a tendency to notice preferable information and stimuli that are related to our current values beliefs and screening out nonconforming. A manager who has a high opinion of an employee will forget or perceive poor performance more quickly than he would with an employee of whom he has a negative overall image.
	Disregarding minor parts of ~~informations~~ can be beneficial because the perception capacity is limited. But this only applies if the basic perception is accurate. If important information is omitted and an incomplete picture is created, selective perception can become a problem. <ref name=griffin>Griffin, R. W. (2016). Fundamentals of Management Eight Edition. Canada: Cengage Learning</ref>		Disregarding minor parts of information can be beneficial because the perception capacity is limited. But this only applies if the basic perception is accurate. If important information is omitted and an incomplete picture is created, selective perception can become a problem. <ref name=griffin>Griffin, R. W. (2016). Fundamentals of Management Eight Edition. Canada: Cengage Learning</ref>

	'''Blocking by filters'''		'''Blocking by filters'''
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	'''Closure'''		'''Closure'''

	This phenomenon can be linked to the HALO effect and describes our tendency to fill in gaps following our perception filters after we received initial ~~informations~~ about a process, company or person. This can have big effects on organizations once these filters are negative. A message of a budget cut by 20% can be interpreted that there is an incoming cut in employee costs with wage reduction or dismissal by filling the gaps of the message. This, as an example, can lead to reduced working motivation.<ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref>		This phenomenon can be linked to the HALO effect and describes our tendency to fill in gaps following our perception filters after we received initial information about a process, company or person. This can have big effects on organizations once these filters are negative. A message of a budget cut by 20% can be interpreted that there is an incoming cut in employee costs with wage reduction or dismissal by filling the gaps of the message. This, as an example, can lead to reduced working motivation.<ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref>

	= How to react as a Project Manager =		= How to react as a Project Manager =

Pschatt: /* Limitations */

2022-03-20T11:47:32Z

Limitations

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	== Limitations ==		== Limitations ==

	Being aware of the existence of perception filters is an advantage for managers. In this way, certain reactions can be tracked or individual communications can be adapted. However, the recommended actions cannot be applied to every communication. They have their limitations in formal communication with multiple ~~stakeholder~~ and require a certain amount of connections and knowledge about the receiver of the message. In addition, many influences affect the perception of a message in any situation and the emotional filter is in ~~the~~ most situations difficult to suspect, so it is not possible for the project manager to include all of these impacts in the communication. Addressing various departments and people and communicating differently is already practiced by most people and managers subconsciously. Nevertheless, perception filters can be a helpful tool to rethink existing communication structures and to conduct a baseline study of why messages are not being perceived in the right way.		Being aware of the existence of perception filters is an advantage for managers. In this way, certain reactions can be tracked or individual communications can be adapted. However, the recommended actions cannot be applied to every communication. They have their limitations in formal communication with multiple stakeholders and require a certain amount of connections and knowledge about the receiver of the message. In addition, many influences affect the perception of a message in any situation and the emotional filter is in most situations difficult to suspect, so it is not possible for the project manager to include all of these impacts in the communication. Addressing various departments and people and communicating differently is already practiced by most people and managers subconsciously. Nevertheless, perception filters can be a helpful tool to rethink existing communication structures and to conduct a baseline study of why messages are not being perceived in the right way.

	= Bibliography =		= Bibliography =

Pschatt: /* Mind dancing */

2022-03-20T11:46:11Z

Mind dancing

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	By managing the perception filters actively a project manager is able to influence the stakeholder's expectations. This "mind dancing" approach creates the opportunity to have satisfied customers although the project scope is not completely fulfilled. As a project is not only determined by the results but more by the customer's satisfaction the overall success can be increased.		By managing the perception filters actively a project manager is able to influence the stakeholder's expectations. This "mind dancing" approach creates the opportunity to have satisfied customers although the project scope is not completely fulfilled. As a project is not only determined by the results but more by the customer's satisfaction the overall success can be increased.
	The first step is recognizing the existence of perception and filters in projects and teams. With this acknowledgment and ability to use these filters, strong project teams and stakeholder connections can be formed. Negative filters can be compensated with increasing positives for example by finding a personal connection. The most common example is to find a shared interest. Having something in common is a starting point of building trust and therefore is lowering negative filters towards the person. Exploring the interest of the other besides the project-work is lowering the walls and opens the filters one after the other. With this increased knowledge it is possible to understand the other's personal project interests better and gain a better foundation to make decisions on. <ref name=two> Belling, B. & Mangalaars, F. A. H. (2004). How filters and perceptions influence your thinking, behavior and success in project management: "mind dancing" as a way to success and leadership. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2004—EMEA, Prague, Czech Republic. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute </ref> Communication can now be directed to meet more positive perceptual filters and avoid messages that trigger negative perceptions. The British standard for management concludes that all of the ~~stakeholders~~ perceptions of requirements, benefits and all their interests needs to be considered as they can influence the project success.<ref name=PMMangaine> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017) </ref>		The first step is recognizing the existence of perception and filters in projects and teams. With this acknowledgment and ability to use these filters, strong project teams and stakeholder connections can be formed. Negative filters can be compensated with increasing positives for example by finding a personal connection. The most common example is to find a shared interest. Having something in common is a starting point of building trust and therefore is lowering negative filters towards the person. Exploring the interest of the other besides the project-work is lowering the walls and opens the filters one after the other. With this increased knowledge it is possible on to understand the other's personal project interests better and gain a better foundation to make decisions. <ref name=two> Belling, B. & Mangalaars, F. A. H. (2004). How filters and perceptions influence your thinking, behavior and success in project management: "mind dancing" as a way to success and leadership. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2004—EMEA, Prague, Czech Republic. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute </ref> Communication can now be directed to meet more positive perceptual filters and avoid messages that trigger negative perceptions. The British standard for management concludes that all of the stakeholder's perceptions of requirements, benefits and all their interests needs to be considered as they can influence the project's success.<ref name=PMMangaine> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017) </ref>


	== Limitations ==		== Limitations ==

Pschatt at 11:43, 20 March 2022

2022-03-20T11:43:01Z

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	university press, 2005, 3rd ed. </ref> In the cognitive theory, perception is described as a "generalized cognitive framework that give form and meaning to experience, and contain general knowledge to a domain.” <ref name=bianca> Labianca G., Gray B., Brass D. J. A grounded model of organizational schema change during empowerment. Organization Science,		university press, 2005, 3rd ed. </ref> In the cognitive theory, perception is described as a "generalized cognitive framework that give form and meaning to experience, and contain general knowledge to a domain.” <ref name=bianca> Labianca G., Gray B., Brass D. J. A grounded model of organizational schema change during empowerment. Organization Science,
	2000, 11 : 235-257, Page 237 </ref> In an organizational context, this can be described as a dynamic psychological process responsible for attending, organizing and interpreting sensory data. <ref name=buchanan> Buchanan D. A., Huczynski A. A. Organizational behaviour.		2000, 11 : 235-257, Page 237 </ref> In an organizational context, this can be described as a dynamic psychological process responsible for attending, organizing and interpreting sensory data. <ref name=buchanan> Buchanan D. A., Huczynski A. A. Organizational behaviour.
	pearson Education Limited, England, 2010, 7th ed.</ref> This process of trying to fit new ~~informations~~ into existing schemas frames or mental models is following a standardized procedure. The first one is scanning for clues to connect ~~informations~~ in the environment to existing frames. This can be based on characteristics, experiences or tacit knowledge. Secondly, this leads to an interpretation of the meaning of the ~~informations~~. Based on the scanning and subsequent interpretation of the messages the third step is a response or action.<ref name=six> H.M.F. Marynissen (2011) The Relationship between Organisational		pearson Education Limited, England, 2010, 7th ed.</ref> This process of trying to fit new information into existing schemas frames or mental models is following a standardized procedure. The first one is scanning for clues to connect information in the environment to existing frames. This can be based on characteristics, experiences or tacit knowledge. Secondly, this leads to an interpretation of the meaning of the information. Based on the scanning and subsequent interpretation of the messages the third step is a response or action.<ref name=six> H.M.F. Marynissen (2011) The Relationship between Organisational
	Communication and Perception, Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 111:4, 193-199 </ref>		Communication and Perception, Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 111:4, 193-199 </ref>
	The influence of perception on decision making is determined by two perspectives. On one hand, the heuristics and biases contain emotions as a primary driver in a fast, automatic process and on the other hand the cognitive process which is slow and logical. <ref name=six> H.M.F. Marynissen (2011) The Relationship between Organisational		The influence of perception on decision making is determined by two perspectives. On one hand, the heuristics and biases contain emotions as a primary driver in a fast, automatic process and on the other hand the cognitive process which is slow and logical. <ref name=six> H.M.F. Marynissen (2011) The Relationship between Organisational

Pschatt: /* How to react as a Project Manager */

2022-03-20T11:39:54Z

How to react as a Project Manager

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:39, 20 March 2022
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	= How to react as a Project Manager =		= How to react as a Project Manager =

	Perception filtering can influence the project outcome and plays a part in different aspects within the management of portfolios, programs and projects.<ref name=PMGuide> Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021) </ref> In ~~the~~ Risk Management, for example, the observable behaviour can prior be influenced by the disposition towards uncertainty. That is adopted explicit or implicit by individuals and groups and influences as biological perception filter the ~~receiption~~ of ~~messanges~~ related to risk. <ref name=PMIRisk> PMI Standard for Risk Management (2019) </ref> Acknowledging that each ~~perceptions~~ and also their own are influenced by filters is an important skill set for managers to make reasoned decisions. The decision-making in project management is thereby characterized by dynamic complexity. This is determined by the underlying of the problem itself and the "behavioral complexity" of group effects. <ref name=four> Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Roth, G., Smith, B., & Guman, E. C. (1999). The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations </ref> It is necessary for a project manager to manage the interactions between stakeholders and the communications effectively to ensure successful cooperation towards project outcomes and the realization of benefits. The three main pillars of communication management are Planning communication, distributing communication and monitoring the impact of communication to increase the understanding among various stakeholders, providing accurate unbiased Information and minimize the risk. <ref name=five> ISO 21502:2020 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on project management; Chapter 7.1.3 </ref> The importance of perception filtering increases with the decisiveness of the received messages. In feedback situations, the consideration of personal filters, for example, is important and is usually adjusted for each individual based on tacit knowledge about the person. Another important field is change management where "Change is as much about peoples expectations and perceptions as it is about managing facts" <ref name=PMMangainepage> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017), Page: 362 </ref>. Multiple actions like training, coaching, mentoring, stakeholder engagement and targeted communication can be used to lower negative perception filters.<ref name=PMMangaine> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017) </ref>		Perception filtering can influence the project outcome and plays a part in different aspects within the management of portfolios, programs and projects.<ref name=PMGuide> Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021) </ref> In Risk Management, for example, the observable behaviour can prior be influenced by the disposition towards uncertainty. That is adopted explicit or implicit by individuals and groups and influences as biological perception filter the reception of messenges related to risk. <ref name=PMIRisk> PMI Standard for Risk Management (2019) </ref> Acknowledging that each perception and also their own are influenced by filters is an important skill set for managers to make reasoned decisions. The decision-making in project management is thereby characterized by dynamic complexity. This is determined by the underlying of the problem itself and the "behavioral complexity" of group effects. <ref name=four> Senge, P., Kleiner, A., Roberts, C., Ross, R., Roth, G., Smith, B., & Guman, E. C. (1999). The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in learning organizations </ref> It is necessary for a project manager to manage the interactions between stakeholders and the communications effectively to ensure successful cooperation towards project outcomes and the realization of benefits. The three main pillars of communication management are Planning communication, distributing communication and monitoring the impact of communication to increase the understanding among various stakeholders, providing accurate unbiased Information and minimize the risk. <ref name=five> ISO 21502:2020 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on project management; Chapter 7.1.3 </ref> The importance of perception filtering increases with the decisiveness of the received messages. In feedback situations, the consideration of personal filters, for example, is important and is usually adjusted for each individual based on tacit knowledge about the person. Another important field is change management where "Change is as much about peoples expectations and perceptions as it is about managing facts" <ref name=PMMangainepage> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017), Page: 362 </ref>. Multiple actions like training, coaching, mentoring, stakeholder engagement and targeted communication can be used to lower negative perception filters.<ref name=PMMangaine> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017) </ref>
	A first step to achieve this is to choose the right communication medium to overcome more filters. Oral communication is better suited for complex and emotionally laden topics because it gives the opportunity to see the end results of the filtering process. Written communication should more be used for ~~straight forward messenges~~ and information ~~delivering~~. ~~To find~~ a common ground to communicate on can thereby help to decrease the influences of the filters. Finding a field of shared experiences with multiple disciplines involved insures the knowledge of the filter in these areas and is the basis for a more similar perception. To create knowledge about these common filters, open corporate culture with ~~the~~ a no shame no blame approach is beneficial. <ref name=six> H.M.F. Marynissen (2011) The Relationship between Organisational		A first step to achieve this is to choose the right communication medium to overcome more filters. Oral communication is better suited for complex and emotionally laden topics because it gives the opportunity to see the end results of the filtering process. Written communication should more be used for straightforward messages and information delivery. Find a common ground to communicate on can thereby help to decrease the influences of the filters. Finding a field of shared experiences with multiple disciplines involved insures the knowledge of the filter in these areas and is the basis for a more similar perception. To create knowledge about these common filters, open corporate culture with a no shame no blame approach is beneficial. <ref name=six> H.M.F. Marynissen (2011) The Relationship between Organisational
	Communication and Perception, Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 111:4, 193-199 </ref>		Communication and Perception, Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 111:4, 193-199 </ref>
	The need for planning communication to match with the stakeholder's needs and expectations includes effective measures and feedback mechanisms and builds the baseline for effective stakeholder management. Besides the planning and distribution of information, monitoring the impact of the communications is the responsibility of the project manager. Taking the existence of perceptual filters during these processes into account is important to monitor and guide ~~Stakeholders~~ perception, support and interest for the project or program. This increase the understanding of possible ~~differnet reseptions~~ of ~~informations and~~ and resolves communication issues to minimize the risk.<ref name=five> ISO 21502:2020 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on project management; Chapter 7.1.3 </ref> <ref name=PMMangaine> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017) </ref>		The need for planning communication to match with the stakeholder's needs and expectations includes effective measures and feedback mechanisms and builds the baseline for effective stakeholder management. Besides the planning and distribution of information, monitoring the impact of the communications is the responsibility of the project manager. Taking the existence of perceptual filters during these processes into account is important to monitor and guide Stakeholder's perception, support and interest for the project or program. This increase the understanding of possible different reception of information and resolves communication issues to minimize the risk.<ref name=five> ISO 21502:2020 Project, programme and portfolio management — Guidance on project management; Chapter 7.1.3 </ref> <ref name=PMMangaine> Project Management: "Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2" 6th Edition (2017) </ref>

	== Mind dancing ==		== Mind dancing ==

Pschatt: /* Implications of Perception Filtering */

2022-03-20T11:34:12Z

Implications of Perception Filtering

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	'''Selective perception'''		'''Selective perception'''

	In the attention phase selective perception is described as a tendency to notice preferable informations and stimuli that are related to our current values beliefs and screening out nonconforming. A manager who has a high opinion of an employee will forget or perceive poor performance more quickly than he would with an employee of whom he has a negative overall image.		In the attention phase, selective perception is described as a tendency to notice preferable informations and stimuli that are related to our current values beliefs and screening out nonconforming. A manager who has a high opinion of an employee will forget or perceive poor performance more quickly than he would with an employee of whom he has a negative overall image.
	Disregarding minor parts of informations can be beneficial because the perception capacity is limited. But this only applies if the basic perception is accurate. If important information is omitted and an incomplete picture is created, selective perception can become a problem. <ref name=griffin>Griffin, R. W. (2016). Fundamentals of Management Eight Edition. Canada: Cengage Learning</ref>		Disregarding minor parts of informations can be beneficial because the perception capacity is limited. But this only applies if the basic perception is accurate. If important information is omitted and an incomplete picture is created, selective perception can become a problem. <ref name=griffin>Griffin, R. W. (2016). Fundamentals of Management Eight Edition. Canada: Cengage Learning</ref>

Pschatt: /* The Perception Filtering Process */

2022-03-20T11:33:17Z

The Perception Filtering Process

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	[[File:Perception Filters picture.PNG\|450x400px\|thumb\|right\|'''Figure 2''': Filters in the process of perception <ref name=picture> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning. Page 294 </ref>]]		[[File:Perception Filters picture.PNG\|450x400px\|thumb\|right\|'''Figure 2''': Filters in the process of perception <ref name=picture> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning. Page 294 </ref>]]

	The filters are present in each of the phases of ''attention,organization,interpretation'' and ''retention'' that are building the final perception.<ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref>		The filters are present in each of the phases of ''attention, organization, interpretation'' and ''retention'' that are building the final perception.<ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref>
	''Attention'' is the process of becoming aware and noticing stimuli. The Perception filters are influencing which stimuli we are more attentive to than others and limiting the number of impressions that are going to the next phase: ''Organization''. Here the remaining informations are incorporated into the existing knowledge. As a cause of perceptional filters knowledge that is consistent with our current knowledge is more likely to be incorporated. Thereafter a meaning is attached to the ~~processes~~ information. This ''Interpretation'' is influenced by our preferences, beliefs and values. Finally, parts of the information are filed away to be remembered. This process is called ''retention'' and here, too, perception filters play a role in selecting which information we can access in the future. In this whole process, the receptor will compare the informations with an existing personal context in a specific area. If there is no match the message is compared to the other personal areas. When there is a match the message is translated within the receptors framework whereby parts of the message sometimes being omitted. This is a subconscious process that is driven by multiple perceptions and can lead to different perceptions of the same message.		''Attention'' is the process of becoming aware and noticing stimuli. The Perception filters are influencing which stimuli we are more attentive to than others and limiting the number of impressions that are going to the next phase: ''Organization''. Here the remaining informations are incorporated into the existing knowledge. As a cause of perceptional filters knowledge that is consistent with our current knowledge is more likely to be incorporated. Thereafter a meaning is attached to the processe's information. This ''Interpretation'' is influenced by our preferences, beliefs and values. Finally, parts of the information are filed away to be remembered. This process is called ''retention'' and here, too, perception filters play a role in selecting which information we can access in the future. In this whole process, the receptor will compare the informations with an existing personal context in a specific area. If there is no match the message is compared to the other personal areas. When there is a match the message is translated within the receptors framework whereby parts of the message sometimes being omitted. This is a subconscious process that is driven by multiple perceptions and can lead to different perceptions of the same message.

	The message "The top manager is coming to visit us next week." can be interpreted in different ways.<ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref> From one person as "Next week is pretty soon and I need to get my work done until then so I can present it" In this example, the person filters the time period and the hierarchical information as the main elements out of the and interpreted it in the company framework as a pressure to deliver results. Another employee can interpret the same message as "The head office must have recognized the sales have gone up and wants to congratulate us" here the personal framework of positive work-related experience over the last weeks are linked to the massage and form a positive perception. A third person can have the perception driven by a personal filter and the wish to develop themselves: "The manager is a well educated person he might us for sure some practical tips how to improve our work"		The message "The top manager is coming to visit us next week." can be interpreted in different ways.<ref name=three> Williams, C. (2017). MGMT7. Cengage Learning </ref> From one person as "Next week is pretty soon and I need to get my work done until then so I can present it" In this example, the person filters the time period and the hierarchical information as the main elements out of the and interpreted it in the company framework as a pressure to deliver results. Another employee can interpret the same message as "The head office must have recognized the sales have gone up and wants to congratulate us" here the personal framework of positive work-related experience over the last weeks are linked to the massage and form a positive perception. A third person can have the perception driven by a personal filter and the wish to develop themselves: "The manager is a well-educated person he might us for sure some practical tips how to improve our work"

	All of these frameworks against stimuli are measured are built up as well on an individual as on collective level. So to obtain the desired reaction to a message, it has to be adapted to the person as well as to the environment of the entire collective.		All of these frameworks against stimuli are measured are built up as well on an individual as on a collective level. So to obtain the desired reaction to a message, it has to be adapted to the person as well as to the environment of the entire collective.

Pschatt: /* The Filters model */

2022-03-20T11:29:51Z

The Filters model

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	== The Filters model ==		== The Filters model ==

	The filters model is the theory describing the outcome of human behaviour as combination of related filters. According to the theory, it is not possible to select certain filters so that the recorded message is always influenced to a different extent by all the filters. They can be simplified sorted into positive and negative filters and the stronger these filters are the higher is the conflict potential. The publication of a new IT-System from the company x for example can address a positive filter related to the natural enthusiasm for changes with the negative filter concerning bad experiences with the company. Additionally, the model assumes that also all other filters like the personal background can not be ignored. The final reception of the message and the following actions that an individual takes are then ~~depend~~ on the weighting of the different filters at the time of receipt of the message.<ref name=two> Belling, B. & Mangalaars, F. A. H. (2004). How filters and perceptions influence your thinking, behavioral and success in project management: "mind dancing" as a way to success and leadership. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2004—EMEA, Prague, Czech Republic. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute </ref>		The filters model is the theory describing the outcome of human behaviour as a combination of related filters. According to the theory, it is not possible to select certain filters so that the recorded message is always influenced to a different extent by all the filters. They can be simplified sorted into positive and negative filters and the stronger these filters are the higher is the conflict potential. The publication of a new IT-System from the company x for example can address a positive filter related to the natural enthusiasm for changes with the negative filter concerning bad experiences with the company. Additionally, the model assumes that also all other filters like the personal background can not be ignored. The final reception of the message and the following actions that an individual takes are then dependent on the weighting of the different filters at the time of receipt of the message.<ref name=two> Belling, B. & Mangalaars, F. A. H. (2004). How filters and perceptions influence your thinking, behavioral and success in project management: "mind dancing" as a way to success and leadership. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2004—EMEA, Prague, Czech Republic. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute </ref>

	=The Perception Filtering Process=		=The Perception Filtering Process=