PDCA cycle - Revision history

S222594 at 16:08, 7 April 2023

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	''Developed by Eric Vincent Vong''		''Developed by Eric Vincent Vong''

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	''Developed by Eric Vincent Vong''		''Developed by Eric Vincent Vong''

S222594 at 17:29, 20 February 2023

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	The DMAIC cycle is a method widely used in the Six Sigma method and aims to improve a business process. DMAIC stands for Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control and is highly inspired from the PDCA cycle.		The DMAIC cycle is a method widely used in the Six Sigma method and aims to improve a business process. DMAIC stands for Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control and is highly inspired from the PDCA cycle.

	The five phases can be described as following <ref> Michael L. ~~Gorge~~, ''"Lean Six Sigma: Combining Six Sigma Quality with Lean Production Speed"'', 2002</ref>:		The five phases can be described as following <ref> Michael L. George, ''"Lean Six Sigma: Combining Six Sigma Quality with Lean Production Speed"'', 2002</ref>:
	*Define: Define the problem or the opportunity for improvement		*Define: Define the problem or the opportunity for improvement
	*Measure: Quantify the current perform of the process thanks to data collection		*Measure: Quantify the current perform of the process thanks to data collection

S222594: /* References explanations */

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References explanations

S222594: /* References explanations */

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References explanations

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	== References explanations ==		== References explanations ==
			↑ W. Edwards Deming, "The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education", 1993
			In this book, W. Edwards Deming presents his management philosophy and the importance of continuous improvement on different aspects of the organization. Consequently, he introduces the PDCA method as a scientific way to reach this continuous improvement. Deming also emphasizes on the iteration of the method in order to capitalize on the knowledge accumulated.

			↑ Nancy R. Tague, "The quality toolbox, Second Edition", 2005
			In this book, Nancy Tongue provides different tools that can be used in quality management, including the PDCA cycle. She underlines the importance of using the PDCA method for continuous improvement, and she gives practical advice on how to use it on each of the four steps. The guidance given by Tongue include how to set the goals, how to gather data and how to implement changes.

			↑ Ronald Moen, "Foundation and History of the PDSA cycle", Deming research seminar, 2010
			This article written by Ronald Moen gives an overview of the foundation and the history of the PDSA cycle and so the PDCA cycle. The author met W. Edwards Deming several times during the period between 1981-1993, which gave him the opportunity to know more about the foundation of this method.

			↑ Rémi Bachelet, "L’essentiel des outils d’organisation de projet", Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2019
			This reference is a MOOC about project management created by a senior lecturer (Rémi Bachelet) of my former French engineering school (Ecole Centrale de Lille). He introduces different aspects of project management and different tools that can be used, such as the PDCA cycle. In the video about the PDCA method, he explained the four phases of the method, and he gave some advantages and disadvantages about using it in project management.

			↑ Jeffrey Liker, "The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World's Greatest Manufacturer", 2004
			In this book, Jeffrey Liker discusses how Toyota introduced continuous improvement in its culture with the use of the PDCA cycle. He explained that this tool is used by Toyota at all levels of the company, allowing the involvement of all the employees in the continuous improvement of the organization. This tool is then presented as an essential part of the success of Toyota.

			↑ Adriaan van Wyk, "PDCA - Make a 400 year old principle the foundation of your success", LinkedIn article, 2019
			In this LinkedIn article, Adriaan van Wyk, former production leader of Toyota South Africa Motors, gives his thoughts about the use of the PDCA cycle in the Toyota organization. He highlights that this tool is so ingrained in Toyota’s core that it is not explicitly taught to the new employees. This method is showed as part of Toyota’s daily life.

			↑ Ming-Na Lu, Bai-Lei Zhang, Qiao-Hong Dai, Xian-Hu Fu, "Application of the PDCA Cycle in Shortening the DDI Time", Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 2022
			In this article, Ming-Na Lu, Bai-Lei Zhang, Qiao-Hong Dai and Xian-Hu Fu studied the application of the PDCA method in the Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital in China, in order to shorten the decision to delivery interval time. At the end of the study, the authors of the article observed a significant reduction on the DDI time.

			↑ Foresight University, "Shewhart-Deming’s Learning and Quality Cycle"
			Explanation

			↑ Michael L. Gorge, "Lean Six Sigma: Combining Six Sigma Quality with Lean Production Speed", 2002
			Explanation

			↑ Tobias Lauenroth, "PDCA cycle - Structuring goal achievement", 2022
			Explanation

Luisa Fernanda Salazar Rivera: /* Shewhart cycle */

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Shewhart cycle

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	=== Shewhart cycle ===		=== Shewhart cycle ===

	[[File:Shewhart.jpg\|225px\|thumb\|text-bottom\|~~center~~\|Figure 2: Picture of Walter A. Shewhart]]		[[File:Shewhart.jpg\|225px\|thumb\|text-bottom\|right\|Figure 2: Picture of Walter A. Shewhart]]

	The foundations of the PDCA method begin with the development of the Shewhart cycle by Walter A. Shewhart in 1939. This cycle consists of three main phases, which are <ref name="History"> Ronald Moen, [http://www.praxisframework.org/files/pdsa-history-ron-moen.pdf ''"Foundation and History of the PDSA cycle"''], Deming research seminar, 2010 </ref>:		The foundations of the PDCA method begin with the development of the Shewhart cycle by Walter A. Shewhart in 1939. This cycle consists of three main phases, which are <ref name="History"> Ronald Moen, [http://www.praxisframework.org/files/pdsa-history-ron-moen.pdf ''"Foundation and History of the PDSA cycle"''], Deming research seminar, 2010 </ref>:

Luisa Fernanda Salazar Rivera: /* Shewhart cycle */

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Shewhart cycle

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	=== Shewhart cycle ===		=== Shewhart cycle ===

	[[File:Shewhart.jpg\|225px\|thumb\|text-bottom\|~~right~~\|Figure 2: Picture of Walter A. Shewhart]]		[[File:Shewhart.jpg\|225px\|thumb\|text-bottom\|center\|Figure 2: Picture of Walter A. Shewhart]]

	The foundations of the PDCA method begin with the development of the Shewhart cycle by Walter A. Shewhart in 1939. This cycle consists of three main phases, which are <ref name="History"> Ronald Moen, [http://www.praxisframework.org/files/pdsa-history-ron-moen.pdf ''"Foundation and History of the PDSA cycle"''], Deming research seminar, 2010 </ref>:		The foundations of the PDCA method begin with the development of the Shewhart cycle by Walter A. Shewhart in 1939. This cycle consists of three main phases, which are <ref name="History"> Ronald Moen, [http://www.praxisframework.org/files/pdsa-history-ron-moen.pdf ''"Foundation and History of the PDSA cycle"''], Deming research seminar, 2010 </ref>:
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	Shewhart wrote about his cycle:		Shewhart wrote about his cycle:
	<blockquote>''"It may be helpful to think of the three steps in the mass production process as steps in the scientific method. In this sense, specification, production, and inspection correspond respectively to making a hypothesis, carrying out an experiment, and testing the hypothesis. The three steps constitute a dynamic scientific process of acquiring knowledge."'' '''''Walter A. Shewhart'''''</blockquote>		<blockquote>''"It may be helpful to think of the three steps in the mass production process as steps in the scientific method. In this sense, specification, production, and inspection correspond respectively to making a hypothesis, carrying out an experiment, and testing the hypothesis. The three steps constitute a dynamic scientific process of acquiring knowledge."'' '''''Walter A. Shewhart'''''</blockquote>


	=== Deeming wheel ===		=== Deeming wheel ===

S222594 at 18:44, 11 February 2023

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	== Presentation of the ~~method~~ ==		== Presentation of the PDCA cycle ==

	The PDCA cycle is a continuous improvement method that is commonly used in various organizations, such as in manufacturing industries or healthcare industries. It provides them a structured approach on how to deal with their problems or on how to handle possible improvements. The PDCA method has four phases, each leading to the other, and aims to establish a virtuous circle about continuous improvement culture inside the company. <ref> Rémi Bachelet, [http://gestiondeprojet.pm/bases-organisation-projet/ ''"L’essentiel des outils d’organisation de projet"''], Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2019 </ref>		The PDCA cycle is a continuous improvement method that is commonly used in various organizations, such as in manufacturing industries or healthcare industries. It provides them a structured approach on how to deal with their problems or on how to handle possible improvements. The PDCA method has four phases, each leading to the other, and aims to establish a virtuous circle about continuous improvement culture inside the company. <ref> Rémi Bachelet, [http://gestiondeprojet.pm/bases-organisation-projet/ ''"L’essentiel des outils d’organisation de projet"''], Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2019 </ref>
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	== Examples of the ~~method~~==		== Examples of the PDCA cycle ==

	=== Toyota ===		=== Toyota ===
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	== Variation of the ~~method~~ ==		== Variation of the PDCA cycle ==

	=== PDSA ===		=== PDSA ===
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	== Pros and cons of the ~~method~~ ==		== Pros and cons of the PDCA cycle ==

	=== Pros ===		=== Pros ===

S222594 at 18:42, 11 February 2023

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	In 1951, the Japanese executives recast the Deming Wheel into a more versatile tool that can be used for the continuous improvement of any processes or products, creating then a more genetic tool. It is the birth of the PDCA cycle as it is known nowadays, with its four main phases <ref name="History"/>:		In 1951, the Japanese executives recast the Deming Wheel into a more versatile tool that can be used for the continuous improvement of any processes or products, creating then a more genetic tool. It is the birth of the PDCA cycle as it is known nowadays, with its four main phases <ref name="History"/>:
	#The Plan phase, which can be assimilated to the Design phase.		#The Plan phase, which can be assimilated to the Design phase
	#The Do phase, which can be assimilated to the Produce phase.		#The Do phase, which can be assimilated to the Produce phase
	#The Check phase, which can be assimilated to the Sell phase.		#The Check phase, which can be assimilated to the Sell phase
	#The Act phase, which can be assimilated to the Redesign phase.		#The Act phase, which can be assimilated to the Redesign phase

S222594 at 18:42, 11 February 2023

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	=== Shewhart cycle ===		=== Shewhart cycle ===

	[[File:Shewhart.jpg\|225px\|thumb\|text-bottom\|right\|Figure 2: Picture of Walter A. Shewhart ~~in 1920~~]]		[[File:Shewhart.jpg\|225px\|thumb\|text-bottom\|right\|Figure 2: Picture of Walter A. Shewhart]]

	The foundations of the PDCA method begin with the development of the Shewhart cycle by Walter A. Shewhart in 1939. This cycle consists of three main phases, which are <ref name="History"> Ronald Moen, [http://www.praxisframework.org/files/pdsa-history-ron-moen.pdf ''"Foundation and History of the PDSA cycle"''], Deming research seminar, 2010 </ref>:		The foundations of the PDCA method begin with the development of the Shewhart cycle by Walter A. Shewhart in 1939. This cycle consists of three main phases, which are <ref name="History"> Ronald Moen, [http://www.praxisframework.org/files/pdsa-history-ron-moen.pdf ''"Foundation and History of the PDSA cycle"''], Deming research seminar, 2010 </ref>:

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:29, 20 February 2023
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	== References explanations ==		== References explanations ==
	↑ W. Edwards Deming, "The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education", 1993		↑ W. Edwards Deming, "The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education", 1993
	In this book, W. Edwards Deming presents his management philosophy and the importance of continuous improvement on different aspects of ~~the~~ organization. Consequently, he introduces the PDCA method as a scientific way to reach this continuous improvement. Deming also emphasizes on the iteration of the method in order to capitalize on the knowledge accumulated.		In this book, W. Edwards Deming presents his management philosophy and the importance of continuous improvement on different aspects of an organization. Consequently, he introduces the PDCA method as a scientific way to reach this continuous improvement. Deming also emphasizes on the iteration of the method in order to capitalize on the knowledge accumulated.

	↑ Nancy R. Tague, "The quality toolbox, Second Edition", 2005		↑ Nancy R. Tague, "The quality toolbox, Second Edition", 2005
	In this book, Nancy Tongue provides different tools that can be used in quality management, including the PDCA cycle. She underlines the importance of using the PDCA method for continuous improvement, and she gives practical advice on how to use it on each of the four ~~steps~~. The guidance given by Tongue ~~include~~ how to set the goals, how to gather data and how to implement changes.		In this book, Nancy Tongue provides different tools that can be used in quality management, including the PDCA cycle. She underlines the importance of using the PDCA method for continuous improvement, and she gives practical advice on how to use it on each of the four phases. The guidance given by Tongue includes how to set the goals, how to gather data and how to implement changes.

	↑ Ronald Moen, "Foundation and History of the PDSA cycle", Deming research seminar, 2010		↑ Ronald Moen, "Foundation and History of the PDSA cycle", Deming research seminar, 2010
	This article written by Ronald Moen gives an overview of the foundation and the history of the PDSA cycle and so the PDCA cycle. The author met W. Edwards Deming several times during the period between 1981-1993, which gave him the opportunity to ~~know~~ more about the foundation of this method.		This article written by Ronald Moen gives an overview of the foundation and the history of the PDSA cycle and so the PDCA cycle. The author met W. Edwards Deming several times during the period between 1981-1993, which gave him the opportunity to learn more about the foundation of this method.

	↑ Rémi Bachelet, "L’essentiel des outils d’organisation de projet", Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2019		↑ Rémi Bachelet, "L’essentiel des outils d’organisation de projet", Ecole Centrale de Lille, 2019
	This reference is a MOOC about project management created by a senior lecturer (Rémi Bachelet) of my former French engineering school (Ecole Centrale de Lille). He introduces different aspects of project management and different tools that can be used, such as the PDCA cycle. In the video about the PDCA method, he explained the four phases of the method, and he gave some ~~advantages and disadvantages about using~~ it in project management.		This reference is a MOOC about project management created by a senior lecturer (Rémi Bachelet) of my former French engineering school (Ecole Centrale de Lille). He introduces different aspects of project management and different tools that can be used, such as the PDCA cycle. In the video about the PDCA method, he explained the four phases of the method, and he gave some advice on how to use it in project management.

	↑ Jeffrey Liker, "The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World's Greatest Manufacturer", 2004		↑ Jeffrey Liker, "The Toyota Way: 14 Management Principles from the World's Greatest Manufacturer", 2004
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	↑ Foresight University, "Shewhart-Deming’s Learning and Quality Cycle"		↑ Foresight University, "Shewhart-Deming’s Learning and Quality Cycle"
	~~Explanation~~		In this short web article published on the Foresight Guide, the author first introduces the PDCA cycle and then explains a variable of this method, which is the OPDCA cycle. He points out that the addition of the Observation phase is because ''"Careful Observation is always the first step in the scientific method"''.

	↑ Michael L. ~~Gorge~~, "Lean Six Sigma: Combining Six Sigma Quality with Lean Production Speed", 2002		↑ Michael L. George, "Lean Six Sigma: Combining Six Sigma Quality with Lean Production Speed", 2002
	~~Explanation~~		In this book, Michael L. George describes the DMAIC method as a core part of the Six Sigma. He highlights that this method is used in order to systematically identify the root causes of a problem and eliminate them after a thorough analysis of the situation. The DMAIC process can then be compared to the PDCA cycle.

	↑ Tobias Lauenroth, "PDCA cycle - Structuring goal achievement", 2022		↑ Tobias Lauenroth, "PDCA cycle - Structuring goal achievement", 2022
	~~Explanation~~		In this web article, the author first introduces the PDCA cycle and then gives several advantages and disadvantages of this method. The lists of the pros and cons are, of course, not exhaustive, but it gives a good overview on why and when to use this method, and on which points an organization must be careful when using this method.