Nominal group technique - Revision history

Paul: /* Limitations */

2023-05-09T20:32:06Z

Limitations

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	==Limitations==		==Limitations==
	While it is regarded as an effective project management tool, the nominal group technique is not always the correct approach to take when targeting issues in project management. Some of its limitations and implementation requirements might discourage people from using it. It is important to take into account the below shortcomings of the NGT when deciding on its usage, by assessing the resources and the constraints of the project itself.		While it is regarded as an effective project management tool, the nominal group technique is not always the correct approach to take when targeting issues in project management. Some of its limitations and implementation requirements might discourage people from using it. It is important to take into account the below shortcomings of the NGT when deciding on its usage, by assessing the resources and the constraints of the project itself.
	;Extensive preparation		;Extensive preparation and participation
	:Perhaps one of the greatest drawback of the NGT is that all participants must be called upon to participate in-person.<ref name="Handbook">''[https://link-springer-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_100]'',Manera, Karine; Hanson, Camilla S.; Gutman, Talia; Tong, Allison. (2019) “Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences”, Sydney School of Public Health, pp. 742.</ref> Such a requirement is not always possible to fulfill, since in the modern world depending on the projects, many require teams to be split between different locations and some participants can find it burdensome to come, which result in nonattendance.		:Perhaps one of the greatest drawback of the NGT is that all participants must be called upon to participate in-person.<ref name="Handbook">''[https://link-springer-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_100]'',Manera, Karine; Hanson, Camilla S.; Gutman, Talia; Tong, Allison. (2019) “Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences”, Sydney School of Public Health, pp. 742.</ref> Such a requirement is not always possible to fulfill, since in the modern world depending on the projects, many require teams to be split between different locations and some participants can find it burdensome to come, which result in nonattendance. As previously mentioned the NGT is applied in small groups of 5 - 10 people. Therefore on one hand, ensuring the presence of a smaller number of people should prove easier, however the absence of one or two can even more reduce the already small group.
	;Suitability to problem		;Suitability to problem
	:The NGT idea generation is done in written form. That makes it unsuitable for some situations that might require a longer and more elaborate solution involving graphics or other additional interactive inputs. The format of the NGT can also be considered, by some, less stimulating compared to traditional brainstorming. <ref name="Handbook">''[https://link-springer-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_100]'',Manera, Karine; Hanson, Camilla S.; Gutman, Talia; Tong, Allison. (2019) “Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences”, Sydney School of Public Health, pp. 742.</ref>		:The NGT idea generation is done in written form. That makes it unsuitable for some situations that might require a longer and more elaborate solution involving graphics or other additional interactive inputs. The format of the NGT can also be considered, by some, less stimulating compared to traditional brainstorming. <ref name="Handbook">''[https://link-springer-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_100]'',Manera, Karine; Hanson, Camilla S.; Gutman, Talia; Tong, Allison. (2019) “Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences”, Sydney School of Public Health, pp. 742.</ref>

Paul: /* Benefits */

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Benefits

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	==Benefits==		==Benefits==
	The nominal group technique is more superior to other group thinking techniques, because instead of just being a basic idea generation machine, it incorporates a basis for analysis of ideas, allow project managers together with their teams to decide on the optimal solution. Additionally, it creates a sense of cohesion within as each member gains equal value in the process and moving forward this can also translate within the project itself.		The nominal group technique is more superior to other group thinking techniques, because instead of just being a basic idea generation machine, it incorporates a basis for analysis of ideas, allow project managers together with their teams to decide on the optimal solution. Additionally, it creates a sense of cohesion within as each member gains equal value in the process and moving forward this can also translate within the project itself. When used correctly, it can present the following benefits:
	;Ensures balanced and equal participation of all group members		;Ensures balanced and equal participation of all group members
	:Interactive groups can inhibit the performance and participation of some group members, as the usual "brainstorming" allows people to speak freely and impulsively, in which case generally only the more well-developed ideas get voiced. The NGT excludes such behavior by making it mandatory for all members to get involved in the process. The round-robin specifically ensures that well spoken (verbally active) members of the group do not monopolize the conversation. It is important to note that consensus does not equal the "correct" answer, <ref name="Handbook">''[https://link-springer-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_100]'',Manera, Karine; Hanson, Camilla S.; Gutman, Talia; Tong, Allison. (2019) “Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences”, Sydney School of Public Health, pp. 747.</ref> however as any brainstorming session, the outcome is the result that is perceived by everyone as being the best. The perfect answer can never be reached, but due to the NGT giving equal voice to all participants, the resulting outcome is more likely to take multiple aspect in consideration that otherwise would be ignored.		:Interactive groups can inhibit the performance and participation of some group members, as the usual "brainstorming" allows people to speak freely and impulsively, in which case generally only the more well-developed ideas get voiced. The NGT excludes such behavior by making it mandatory for all members to get involved in the process. The round-robin specifically ensures that well spoken (verbally active) members of the group do not monopolize the conversation. It is important to note that consensus does not equal the "correct" answer, <ref name="Handbook">''[https://link-springer-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_100]'',Manera, Karine; Hanson, Camilla S.; Gutman, Talia; Tong, Allison. (2019) “Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences”, Sydney School of Public Health, pp. 747.</ref> however as any brainstorming session, the outcome is the result that is perceived by everyone as being the best. The perfect answer can never be reached, but due to the NGT giving equal voice to all participants, the resulting outcome is more likely to take multiple aspect in consideration that otherwise would be ignored.

Paul: /* Definition */

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Definition

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	==Definition==		==Definition==
	Nominal group technique (NGT) is a method used for group brainstorming in which each participant has an equal part in participation. It is especially effective when used within groups of 5-10 people and ensures that every member is engaged and the probability of reaching an agreement is highly increased. A particularity of this NGT is that it is proven effective in groups where tensions are high, groups where people are not used to working together or groups where some members may be seen as more senior and thus inhibit the voices of those with a lower status. Key difference between NGT and regular brainstorming is that it each member is supposed to come up with their solution, it prioritizes ideas and assigns weights to them, making it much easier to select the best ones. This way the members that otherwise might shy away from involvement in the brainstorming, are ensured to participate, rather than just having a few employees dominating the brainstorming session. An empirical study<ref name="~~Study~~">''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264823427_Group_decision_making_through_nominal_group_technique_an_empirical_study]'',Islam, R. (2010). ‘Group decision making through nominal group technique: an empirical study’, J. International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.~~134~~.</ref> conducted on the effectiveness of the NGT has shown that besides the aforementioned benefits, it also yields a larger number of ideas.		Nominal group technique (NGT) is a method used for group brainstorming in which each participant has an equal part in participation. It is especially effective when used within groups of 5-10 people and ensures that every member is engaged and the probability of reaching an agreement is highly increased. A particularity of this NGT is that it is proven effective in groups where tensions are high, groups where people are not used to working together or groups where some members may be seen as more senior and thus inhibit the voices of those with a lower status. Key difference between NGT and regular brainstorming is that it each member is supposed to come up with their solution, it prioritizes ideas and assigns weights to them, making it much easier to select the best ones. This way the members that otherwise might shy away from involvement in the brainstorming, are ensured to participate, rather than just having a few employees dominating the brainstorming session. An empirical study<ref name="Islam">''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264823427_Group_decision_making_through_nominal_group_technique_an_empirical_study]'',Islam, R. (2010). ‘Group decision making through nominal group technique: an empirical study’, J. International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.134–153.</ref> conducted on the effectiveness of the NGT has shown that besides the aforementioned benefits, it also yields a larger number of ideas.

	==Application==		==Application==

Paul at 20:25, 9 May 2023

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	This step is key in the nominal group technique and any negative influence upon a member’s solution-forming should not be allowed. For the nominal group session to be a success, a number a number of rules should be followed:		This step is key in the nominal group technique and any negative influence upon a member’s solution-forming should not be allowed. For the nominal group session to be a success, a number a number of rules should be followed:
	#Criticism of other members’ ideas is prohibited - that includes laughter or groans or any other visual or auditory representation of disapproval which could discourage participants to express their opinions in the future.<ref name="TQT">Tague, Nancy R. (2009). “The quality toolbox. Second Edition.”. ASQ Quality Press.</ref>		#Criticism of other members’ ideas is prohibited - that includes laughter or groans or any other visual or auditory representation of disapproval which could discourage participants to express their opinions in the future.<ref name="TQT">Tague, Nancy R. (2009). “The quality toolbox. Second Edition.”. ASQ Quality Press.</ref>
	#No evaluation of other people’s ideas. This step is designed specifically for idea generation only, no other actions should be undertaken during this time.<ref name="~~Study~~">''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264823427_Group_decision_making_through_nominal_group_technique_an_empirical_study]'',Islam, R. (2010). ‘Group decision making through nominal group technique: an empirical study’, J. International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.~~137~~.</ref>		#No evaluation of other people’s ideas. This step is designed specifically for idea generation only, no other actions should be undertaken during this time.<ref name="Islam">''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264823427_Group_decision_making_through_nominal_group_technique_an_empirical_study]'',Islam, R. (2010). ‘Group decision making through nominal group technique: an empirical study’, J. International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.134–153.</ref>
	#Quantity over quality – as the more ideas are suggested, the bigger the pool to later choose from. Feasibility of ideas is assessed at a later stage. It might seem counterintuitive, however in the end, the NGT does produce more qualitative results than other group thinking / brainstorming techniques. <ref name="~~Study~~">''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264823427_Group_decision_making_through_nominal_group_technique_an_empirical_study]'',Islam, R. (2010). ‘Group decision making through nominal group technique: an empirical study’, J. International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.~~137~~.</ref>		#Quantity over quality – as the more ideas are suggested, the bigger the pool to later choose from. Feasibility of ideas is assessed at a later stage. It might seem counterintuitive, however in the end, the NGT does produce more qualitative results than other group thinking / brainstorming techniques. <ref name="Islam">''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264823427_Group_decision_making_through_nominal_group_technique_an_empirical_study]'',Islam, R. (2010). ‘Group decision making through nominal group technique: an empirical study’, J. International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.134–153.</ref>

	Alternatively, the facilitator can opt to have all the written down answers to be collected and then register them on a flip chart himself, thus to preserve the anonymity of the participants' answers. This could further reduce the participant's need to 'play it safe', as the lack of anonymity could make some people cautious about what they choose to say.<ref name="INGT">''[https://www-emerald-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EUM0000000001331/full/pdf?title=the-improved-nominal-group-technique-ingt]'',Fox, W.M. (1989), "The Improved Nominal Group Technique (INGT)", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 22</ref>		Alternatively, the facilitator can opt to have all the written down answers to be collected and then register them on a flip chart himself, thus to preserve the anonymity of the participants' answers. This could further reduce the participant's need to 'play it safe', as the lack of anonymity could make some people cautious about what they choose to say.<ref name="INGT">''[https://www-emerald-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/insight/content/doi/10.1108/EUM0000000001331/full/pdf?title=the-improved-nominal-group-technique-ingt]'',Fox, W.M. (1989), "The Improved Nominal Group Technique (INGT)", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 22</ref>

Paul: /* Origin */

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Origin

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	==Origin==		==Origin==
	In 1971, Andre L. Delbecq and Andrew H. Van De Ven first developed and presented the idea of a nominal group in The Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences and it targeted two functions: a) identifying strategic problems, b) developing appropriate and innovative programs to solve them.<ref name="DalVen">''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250958833_A_Group_Process_Model_For_Problem_Identification_and_Program_Planning]'',Delbecq, Andre & Ven, Andrew. (1971). A Group Process Model For Problem Identification and Program Planning. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 7. 466-492. 10.1177/002188637100700404.</ref> As suggested by its name, the Nominal group Technique is only ‘nominal’,<ref name="~~Study~~">''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264823427_Group_decision_making_through_nominal_group_technique_an_empirical_study]'',Islam, R. (2010). ‘Group decision making through nominal group technique: an empirical study’, J. International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.~~137~~.</ref> since there is no interaction between group members and ranking of the ideas is performed on an individual basis. It has an extensive application in various fields including, education, business, social services and governmental organizations, but more specifically its importance can be observed when utilized in project management, change management, organizational development, performance evaluation and consumer research.		In 1971, Andre L. Delbecq and Andrew H. Van De Ven first developed and presented the idea of a nominal group in The Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences and it targeted two functions: a) identifying strategic problems, b) developing appropriate and innovative programs to solve them.<ref name="DalVen">''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250958833_A_Group_Process_Model_For_Problem_Identification_and_Program_Planning]'',Delbecq, Andre & Ven, Andrew. (1971). A Group Process Model For Problem Identification and Program Planning. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 7. 466-492. 10.1177/002188637100700404.</ref> As suggested by its name, the Nominal group Technique is only ‘nominal’,<ref name="Islam">''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264823427_Group_decision_making_through_nominal_group_technique_an_empirical_study]'',Islam, R. (2010). ‘Group decision making through nominal group technique: an empirical study’, J. International Business and Entrepreneurship Development, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp.134–153.</ref> since there is no interaction between group members and ranking of the ideas is performed on an individual basis. It has an extensive application in various fields including, education, business, social services and governmental organizations, but more specifically its importance can be observed when utilized in project management, change management, organizational development, performance evaluation and consumer research.

	==Definition==		==Definition==

Paul: /* Application */

2023-05-09T20:18:14Z

Application

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	Generally, it is recommended for a project manager to choose the NGT when the team he works with exhibits any of the above characteristics. The project manager should do an appropriate assessment of the issues that are to be addressed and decide whether a traditional brainstorming session could be more appropriate instead. The NGT is more effective and vital on projects of greater size, and longer periods, as the results of it are more likely to set the project on the correct path. The NGT therefore is an appropriate technique to be implemented in Project workshops, Risk assessments, Resource allocation, Analysis of project requirements, and arguably the most important part of any project management professional, in Decision making.		Generally, it is recommended for a project manager to choose the NGT when the team he works with exhibits any of the above characteristics. The project manager should do an appropriate assessment of the issues that are to be addressed and decide whether a traditional brainstorming session could be more appropriate instead. The NGT is more effective and vital on projects of greater size, and longer periods, as the results of it are more likely to set the project on the correct path. The NGT therefore is an appropriate technique to be implemented in Project workshops, Risk assessments, Resource allocation, Analysis of project requirements, and arguably the most important part of any project management professional, in Decision making.

	The application of the Nominal Group Technique relates to the Team Performance Domain of project management. The goal of an effective leadership is to create High Performing Project Teams which can be achieved through a number of factors, some of them being open communication, shared understanding, shared ownership, collaboration, empowerment and recognition. <ref name="PMBOK">Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021)</ref> The NGT is a powerful tool that takes these factors into account and helps shift the group dynamic towards a direction where despite any differences between group members, they could work together on common problem and exhibit equal contribution to reach a consensus on various issues throughout the project.		The application of the Nominal Group Technique relates to the Team Performance Domain of project management. The goal of an effective leadership is to create High Performing Project Teams which can be achieved through a number of factors, some of them being open communication, shared understanding, shared ownership, collaboration, empowerment and recognition. <ref name="PMBOK">''[https://app-knovel-com.proxy.findit.cvt.dk/web/view/khtml/show.v/rcid:kpSPMAGPMP/cid:kt012LZEF1/viewerType:khtml/root_slug:guide-project-management/url_slug:introduction?&b-toc-cid=kpSPMAGPMP&b-toc-root-slug=guide-project-management&b-toc-title=A%20Guide%20to%20the%20Project%20Management%20Body%20of%20Knowledge%20%28PMBOK%20%C2%AE%20Guide%29%20%E2%80%93%207th%20Edition%20and%20The%20Standard%20for%20Project%20Management&b-toc-url-slug=standard-project-management&kpromoter=federation&view=collapsed&zoom=1&page=2&q=nominal]'',Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021)</ref> The NGT is a powerful tool that takes these factors into account and helps shift the group dynamic towards a direction where despite any differences between group members, they could work together on common problem and exhibit equal contribution to reach a consensus on various issues throughout the project.

	==Structure==		==Structure==

Paul: /* Annotated bibliography: */

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Annotated bibliography:

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	:The book shows some advantages and disadvantages when using the NGT and provides an overview of methods when conducting the technique. The book mostly presents the technique's implementation in the medical field however excerpt from it could effectively be used in project and program management as well.		:The book shows some advantages and disadvantages when using the NGT and provides an overview of methods when conducting the technique. The book mostly presents the technique's implementation in the medical field however excerpt from it could effectively be used in project and program management as well.
	6. Tague, Nancy R. (2009). “The quality toolbox. Second Edition.”. ASQ Quality Press.		6. Tague, Nancy R. (2009). “The quality toolbox. Second Edition.”. ASQ Quality Press.
	The book talks about brainstorming techniques and singles out the NGT to provide a better description of it. The author talks about when is it appropriate to use the NGT and briefly touches on the procedure of it.		:The book talks about brainstorming techniques and singles out the NGT to provide a better description of it. The author talks about when is it appropriate to use the NGT and briefly touches on the procedure of it.

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

Paul: /* Annotated bibliography: */

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Annotated bibliography:

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	:The book shows some advantages and disadvantages when using the NGT and provides an overview of methods when conducting the technique. The book mostly presents the technique's implementation in the medical field however excerpt from it could effectively be used in project and program management as well.		:The book shows some advantages and disadvantages when using the NGT and provides an overview of methods when conducting the technique. The book mostly presents the technique's implementation in the medical field however excerpt from it could effectively be used in project and program management as well.
	6. Tague, Nancy R. (2009). “The quality toolbox. Second Edition.”. ASQ Quality Press.		6. Tague, Nancy R. (2009). “The quality toolbox. Second Edition.”. ASQ Quality Press.
			The book talks about brainstorming techniques and singles out the NGT to provide a better description of it. The author talks about when is it appropriate to use the NGT and briefly touches on the procedure of it.

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

Paul: /* Annotated bibliography: */

2023-05-09T20:13:50Z

Annotated bibliography:

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	:The paper outlines the steps of implementing the nominal group technique within a group as well as the rules that have to be adhered to in order for the NGT to be successful. Rafikul Islam elaborates on the distinct features that make the NGT distinguishable and provides an analysis of the outputs that can be generated by various NGT sessions.		:The paper outlines the steps of implementing the nominal group technique within a group as well as the rules that have to be adhered to in order for the NGT to be successful. Rafikul Islam elaborates on the distinct features that make the NGT distinguishable and provides an analysis of the outputs that can be generated by various NGT sessions.
	5. Manera, Karine; Hanson, Camilla S.; Gutman, Talia; Tong, Allison. (2019) “Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences”, Sydney School of Public Health, pp. 737-750.		5. Manera, Karine; Hanson, Camilla S.; Gutman, Talia; Tong, Allison. (2019) “Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences”, Sydney School of Public Health, pp. 737-750.
	The book shows some advantages and disadvantages when using the NGT and provides an overview of methods when conducting the technique. The book mostly presents the technique's implementation in the medical field however excerpt from it could effectively be used in project and program management as well.		:The book shows some advantages and disadvantages when using the NGT and provides an overview of methods when conducting the technique. The book mostly presents the technique's implementation in the medical field however excerpt from it could effectively be used in project and program management as well.
	6. Tague, Nancy R. (2009). “The quality toolbox. Second Edition.”. ASQ Quality Press.		6. Tague, Nancy R. (2009). “The quality toolbox. Second Edition.”. ASQ Quality Press.

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>

Paul: /* Annotated bibliography: */

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Annotated bibliography:

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	==Annotated bibliography:==		==Annotated bibliography:==
	1. Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021)		1. Project Management: A guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK guide), 7th Edition (2021)
			:The book presents principles for project managers that guide their actions when managing individual projects. It provides an in-depth instructions/guidelines for project managers that need to be followed in order to build a cohesive team that will generate positive project results. The book outlines a number of factors that define such a cohesive team and the list strongly correlates with the principles and guidelines describing the nominal group technique.
	2. Delbecq, Andre & Ven, Andrew. (1971). A Group Process Model For Problem Identification and Program Planning. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 7. 466-492. 10.1177/002188637100700404.		2. Delbecq, Andre & Ven, Andrew. (1971). A Group Process Model For Problem Identification and Program Planning. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science. 7. 466-492. 10.1177/002188637100700404.
	:The article presents an outline of the original nominal group technique model and the structure of the meeting that could be used by project/program managers when implementing the NGT. It also presents some factors which serve as evidence of NGT's superiority over other techniques.		:The article presents an outline of the original nominal group technique model and the structure of the meeting that could be used by project/program managers when implementing the NGT. It also presents some factors which serve as evidence of NGT's superiority over other techniques.
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	:The paper outlines the steps of implementing the nominal group technique within a group as well as the rules that have to be adhered to in order for the NGT to be successful. Rafikul Islam elaborates on the distinct features that make the NGT distinguishable and provides an analysis of the outputs that can be generated by various NGT sessions.		:The paper outlines the steps of implementing the nominal group technique within a group as well as the rules that have to be adhered to in order for the NGT to be successful. Rafikul Islam elaborates on the distinct features that make the NGT distinguishable and provides an analysis of the outputs that can be generated by various NGT sessions.
	5. Manera, Karine; Hanson, Camilla S.; Gutman, Talia; Tong, Allison. (2019) “Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences”, Sydney School of Public Health, pp. 737-750.		5. Manera, Karine; Hanson, Camilla S.; Gutman, Talia; Tong, Allison. (2019) “Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences”, Sydney School of Public Health, pp. 737-750.
			The book shows some advantages and disadvantages when using the NGT and provides an overview of methods when conducting the technique. The book mostly presents the technique's implementation in the medical field however excerpt from it could effectively be used in project and program management as well.
	6. Tague, Nancy R. (2009). “The quality toolbox. Second Edition.”. ASQ Quality Press.		6. Tague, Nancy R. (2009). “The quality toolbox. Second Edition.”. ASQ Quality Press.

	==References==		==References==
	<references/>		<references/>