Lead, lag and CPM - Revision history

Jacob Worsøe: /* Project Schedule Diagram */

2022-03-27T20:20:26Z

Project Schedule Diagram

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:20, 27 March 2022
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	===Project Schedule Diagram===		===Project Schedule Diagram===
	According to ~~A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (~~PMBOK ~~® Guide) – 7th Edition~~ is a project schedule network which is also denoted as precedence network diagram (PDM) a graphical artifact. These graphical artifacts are used to visualize data and information once data have been collected and analyzed. In this case would it be the gathering of information related to each activity. Visualization of such data makes decision making easier and helps in prioritization<ref name="PMBOK7"/>. Here it clarifies the sequence, dependencies as well as the timely resources. Lag and lead would be added on the nodes, to enlighten these properties<ref name="psnd">Project Schedule Network Diagram: Definition \| Uses \| Example - Project-Management.info. https://project-management.info/project-schedule-network-diagram/. Accessed March 20, 2022.</ref>. It should be noted, that lead and lags should be added after sequencing and durations have been determined or estimated. Otherwise would lead and lag not be useful as a compressing tool.		According to PMBOK is a project schedule network which is also denoted as precedence network diagram (PDM) a graphical artifact. These graphical artifacts are used to visualize data and information once data have been collected and analyzed. In this case would it be the gathering of information related to each activity. Visualization of such data makes decision making easier and helps in prioritization<ref name="PMBOK7"/>. Here it clarifies the sequence, dependencies as well as the timely resources. Lag and lead would be added on the nodes, to enlighten these properties<ref name="psnd">Project Schedule Network Diagram: Definition \| Uses \| Example - Project-Management.info. https://project-management.info/project-schedule-network-diagram/. Accessed March 20, 2022.</ref>. It should be noted, that lead and lags should be added after sequencing and durations have been determined or estimated. Otherwise would lead and lag not be useful as a compressing tool.

	[[File:Example of PDM.png\|500px\|thumb\|center\|Figure 3: Example of PDM. Inspired(simplified version) by: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTErIV6OqLg<ref name="youtube1">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTErIV6OqLg. This video was provided by Christian Thuesen in the Project Management Course. It shows how to find the critical path in a PDM with the table as used in the article. It was used to ensure understanding of calculations and as inspiration for an hypothetical PDM to show dependencies and calculations.</ref>]]		[[File:Example of PDM.png\|500px\|thumb\|center\|Figure 3: Example of PDM. Inspired(simplified version) by: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTErIV6OqLg<ref name="youtube1">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTErIV6OqLg. This video was provided by Christian Thuesen in the Project Management Course. It shows how to find the critical path in a PDM with the table as used in the article. It was used to ensure understanding of calculations and as inspiration for an hypothetical PDM to show dependencies and calculations.</ref>]]

Jacob Worsøe: /* Scheduling */

2022-03-27T20:19:28Z

Scheduling

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:19, 27 March 2022
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	From this the activities throughout the project should be sequenced. This is done to optimize the efficiency of the project, thus exploiting the resources allocated for the project to the fullest.		From this the activities throughout the project should be sequenced. This is done to optimize the efficiency of the project, thus exploiting the resources allocated for the project to the fullest.

	Sequencing activities can be done with various methodologies ~~according to PMI~~, whereas the ~~Precedence Diagramming~~ Method (i.e. an iteration of a Network Diagram) is one of those to develop a schedule<ref name="PDM">Cite: PDM - Precedence Diagramming Method [FS, FF, SS, SF] (+ Example) – Project Management.info. Link: https://project-management.info/pdm-precedence-diagramming-method/#6-example-of-precedence-diagramming%0Amethod. Accessed March 20, 2022.</ref>.		Sequencing activities can be done with various methodologies, whereas the precedence diagramming Method (i.e. an iteration of a Network Diagram) is one of those to develop a schedule<ref name="PDM">Cite: PDM - Precedence Diagramming Method [FS, FF, SS, SF] (+ Example) – Project Management.info. Link: https://project-management.info/pdm-precedence-diagramming-method/#6-example-of-precedence-diagramming%0Amethod. Accessed March 20, 2022.</ref>.

	To create a fruitful diagram the following information should be included: sequence of activities, dependencies with lead and lag times, as well as the durations including float<ref name="Baseline"/>. In Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 is it suggested to use a table like the below to get a comprehensive overview of each task in the ~~Precedence Diagram~~<ref name="PRINCE2">AXELOS. Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 2017 Edition, The Stationery Office Ltd, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/DTUDK/detail.action?docID=4863041.</ref>:		To create a fruitful diagram the following information should be included: sequence of activities, dependencies with lead and lag times, as well as the durations including float<ref name="Baseline"/>. In Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 is it suggested to use a table like the below to get a comprehensive overview of each task in the precedence diagram<ref name="PRINCE2">AXELOS. Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 2017 Edition, The Stationery Office Ltd, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/DTUDK/detail.action?docID=4863041.</ref>:

	[[File:Computerized table.png\|400px\|thumb\|center\|Figure 1: The computerized table as described in Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 2017.]]		[[File:Computerized table.png\|400px\|thumb\|center\|Figure 1: The computerized table as described in Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 2017.]]
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	The time unit could be a date, days or hours. The unit should be the same through the tables in a PDM.		The time unit could be a date, days or hours. The unit should be the same through the tables in a PDM.

	This table introduces the term float which is the time that a task can withstand a delay. Meaning that a delay of a specified time will not affect the delivery time for the project as a whole. Float is used to identify the critical path<ref name="PRINCE2"/>. Usage of this in a ~~Precedence Diagram~~ is to be shown in the application section.		This table introduces the term float which is the time that a task can withstand a delay. Meaning that a delay of a specified time will not affect the delivery time for the project as a whole. Float is used to identify the critical path<ref name="PRINCE2"/>. Usage of this in a precedence diagram is to be shown in the application section.

	Lead is the time the work on a successor activity is initiated before the completion of the predecessor<ref name="leadlag">What Are Leads and Lags in Project Management? - Project-Management.info. https://projectmanagement.info/leads-and-lags/. Accessed March 20, 2022.</ref>. In this way, two or more tasks are running at the same time in parallel to optimize the use of resources. Lead can be used by the project manager to loosen the Critical Path.		Lead is the time the work on a successor activity is initiated before the completion of the predecessor<ref name="leadlag">What Are Leads and Lags in Project Management? - Project-Management.info. https://projectmanagement.info/leads-and-lags/. Accessed March 20, 2022.</ref>. In this way, two or more tasks are running at the same time in parallel to optimize the use of resources. Lead can be used by the project manager to loosen the Critical Path.

Jacob Worsøe: /* Scheduling */

2022-03-27T20:18:27Z

Scheduling

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:18, 27 March 2022
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	===Scheduling===		===Scheduling===
	Initially, the project manager needs to realize whether the project is approached as predictive (waterfall) or adaptive<ref name="PMBOK7"/>. This should not be confused with the development approach which is also described with these terms in PMBOK ~~Guide 7th edtion~~<ref name="PMBOK7"/>.		Initially, the project manager needs to realize whether the project is approached as predictive (waterfall) or adaptive<ref name="PMBOK7"/>. This should not be confused with the development approach which is also described with these terms in PMBOK<ref name="PMBOK7"/>.

	To choose the best approach, the project manager should acknowledge how much information there is to be found about the project. If the project consists of already known activities, workload, and required skills the predictive would certainly be the best choice. On the other hand, the adaptive approach would be more appropriate if the tasks and workload are unknown or could change through the project. This approach is iterative and is supplying the project with beneficial insights as scheduling with CPM and the like are vastly predictive. Therefore, the predictive approach will be examined in this article.		To choose the best approach, the project manager should acknowledge how much information there is to be found about the project. If the project consists of already known activities, workload, and required skills the predictive would certainly be the best choice. On the other hand, the adaptive approach would be more appropriate if the tasks and workload are unknown or could change through the project. This approach is iterative and is supplying the project with beneficial insights as scheduling with CPM and the like are vastly predictive. Therefore, the predictive approach will be examined in this article.

Jacob Worsøe: /* Scheduling */

2022-03-25T13:39:20Z

Scheduling

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:39, 25 March 2022
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	* EF: Earliest finish		* EF: Earliest finish
	* LS: Latest start		* LS: Latest start
	* Total float		* TF: Total float
	* LF: Latest finish		* LF: Latest finish

Jacob Worsøe: /* The big idea */

2022-03-25T13:33:03Z

The big idea

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:33, 25 March 2022
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	When using lag & lead, the project activities will most often be sequenced. To get an understanding of the sequence, the precedence relations of the activities should be mapped. This could be done by the use of CPM-, Program(Project) Evaluation and Review Technique(PERT)-, and network diagrams. PERT and CPM are often referred to as PERT/CPM as they have quite some similarities<ref name="Vanhoucke">Vanhoucke, M. (2013). Project management with dynamic scheduling: Baseline scheduling, risk analysis and project control, second edition. Project management with dynamic scheduling: Baseline scheduling, risk analysis and project control, second edition (pp. 1-318) doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40438-2 Retrieved from www.scopus.com</ref>. Data gathering approaches for PERT and CPM are not similar however. PERT uses a more statical approach. PERT requires an optimistic-, realistic-, and a pessimistic estimate for each activity. These estimates are then used to create a weighted average and a standard deviation<ref name="Vanhoucke"/>. CPM does not require that many estimations. High accuracy of the the single estimation for a task is therefore a requirement instead<ref name="Kerzner"/>. CPM and PERT can be seen as iterations of the more simpler version, namely the network diagram that shows the precedence relation between actions<ref name="Vanhoucke"/>. For the purpose of this article, the precedence network will form the basis.		When using lag & lead, the project activities will most often be sequenced. To get an understanding of the sequence, the precedence relations of the activities should be mapped. This could be done by the use of CPM-, Program(Project) Evaluation and Review Technique(PERT)-, and network diagrams. PERT and CPM are often referred to as PERT/CPM as they have quite some similarities<ref name="Vanhoucke">Vanhoucke, M. (2013). Project management with dynamic scheduling: Baseline scheduling, risk analysis and project control, second edition. Project management with dynamic scheduling: Baseline scheduling, risk analysis and project control, second edition (pp. 1-318) doi:10.1007/978-3-642-40438-2 Retrieved from www.scopus.com</ref>. Data gathering approaches for PERT and CPM are not similar however. PERT uses a more statical approach. PERT requires an optimistic-, realistic-, and a pessimistic estimate for each activity. These estimates are then used to create a weighted average and a standard deviation<ref name="Vanhoucke"/>. CPM does not require that many estimations. High accuracy of the the single estimation for a task is therefore a requirement instead<ref name="Kerzner"/>. CPM and PERT can be seen as iterations of the more simpler version, namely the network diagram that shows the precedence relation between actions<ref name="Vanhoucke"/>. For the purpose of this article, the precedence network will form the basis.

	Research in scheduling has grown ever since its start in the late 1950’s. CPM and PERT being the main focus back then, means that they have undergone severe development. As a consequence further theories and iterations have been based on mathematics<ref name="Vanhoucke"/>. To grasp the concept of lag & lead, the ~~computerized~~ methods developed should be to far over the aim for this article.		Research in scheduling has grown ever since its start in the late 1950’s. CPM and PERT being the main focus back then, means that they have undergone severe development. As a consequence further theories and iterations have been based on mathematics<ref name="Vanhoucke"/>. To grasp the concept of lag & lead, the computer based methods developed should be to far over the aim for this article.

	===Scheduling===		===Scheduling===

Jacob Worsøe: /* Scheduling */

2022-03-24T08:21:29Z

Scheduling

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:21, 24 March 2022
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	===Scheduling===		===Scheduling===
	Initially, the project manager needs to realize whether the project is approached as predictive (waterfall) or adaptive<ref name="PMBOK7"/>. This should not be confused with the development approach which is also described with these terms in PMBOK Guide<ref name="PMBOK7"/>.		Initially, the project manager needs to realize whether the project is approached as predictive (waterfall) or adaptive<ref name="PMBOK7"/>. This should not be confused with the development approach which is also described with these terms in PMBOK Guide 7th edtion<ref name="PMBOK7"/>.

	To choose the best approach, the project manager should acknowledge how much information there is to be found about the project. If the project consists of already known activities, workload, and required skills the predictive would certainly be the best choice. On the other hand, the adaptive approach would be more appropriate if the tasks and workload are unknown or could change through the project. This approach is iterative and is supplying the project with beneficial insights as scheduling with CPM and the like are vastly predictive. Therefore, the predictive approach will be examined in this article.		To choose the best approach, the project manager should acknowledge how much information there is to be found about the project. If the project consists of already known activities, workload, and required skills the predictive would certainly be the best choice. On the other hand, the adaptive approach would be more appropriate if the tasks and workload are unknown or could change through the project. This approach is iterative and is supplying the project with beneficial insights as scheduling with CPM and the like are vastly predictive. Therefore, the predictive approach will be examined in this article.

Jacob Worsøe: /* Project Schedule Diagram */

2022-03-24T08:13:44Z

Project Schedule Diagram

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:13, 24 March 2022
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	According to A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide) – 7th Edition is a project schedule network which is also denoted as precedence network diagram (PDM) a graphical artifact. These graphical artifacts are used to visualize data and information once data have been collected and analyzed. In this case would it be the gathering of information related to each activity. Visualization of such data makes decision making easier and helps in prioritization<ref name="PMBOK7"/>. Here it clarifies the sequence, dependencies as well as the timely resources. Lag and lead would be added on the nodes, to enlighten these properties<ref name="psnd">Project Schedule Network Diagram: Definition \| Uses \| Example - Project-Management.info. https://project-management.info/project-schedule-network-diagram/. Accessed March 20, 2022.</ref>. It should be noted, that lead and lags should be added after sequencing and durations have been determined or estimated. Otherwise would lead and lag not be useful as a compressing tool.		According to A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide) – 7th Edition is a project schedule network which is also denoted as precedence network diagram (PDM) a graphical artifact. These graphical artifacts are used to visualize data and information once data have been collected and analyzed. In this case would it be the gathering of information related to each activity. Visualization of such data makes decision making easier and helps in prioritization<ref name="PMBOK7"/>. Here it clarifies the sequence, dependencies as well as the timely resources. Lag and lead would be added on the nodes, to enlighten these properties<ref name="psnd">Project Schedule Network Diagram: Definition \| Uses \| Example - Project-Management.info. https://project-management.info/project-schedule-network-diagram/. Accessed March 20, 2022.</ref>. It should be noted, that lead and lags should be added after sequencing and durations have been determined or estimated. Otherwise would lead and lag not be useful as a compressing tool.

	[[File:Example of PDM.png\|500px\|thumb\|center\|Figure 3~~: Figure text~~: Example of PDM. Inspired(simplified version) by: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTErIV6OqLg<ref name="youtube1">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTErIV6OqLg. This video was provided by Christian Thuesen in the Project Management Course. It shows how to find the critical path in a PDM with the table as used in the article. It was used to ensure understanding of calculations and as inspiration for an hypothetical PDM to show dependencies and calculations.</ref>]]		[[File:Example of PDM.png\|500px\|thumb\|center\|Figure 3: Example of PDM. Inspired(simplified version) by: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTErIV6OqLg<ref name="youtube1">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTErIV6OqLg. This video was provided by Christian Thuesen in the Project Management Course. It shows how to find the critical path in a PDM with the table as used in the article. It was used to ensure understanding of calculations and as inspiration for an hypothetical PDM to show dependencies and calculations.</ref>]]

	The figure above shows a simplified version of a hypothetical PDM. A realistic project would might not have all the logical relationships. Another thing to disclaim is the relatively low number of tasks in the example. More comprehensive diagrams could be built with software such as Jira<ref name="jira">https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira?utm_source=capterra&utm_medium=paid-review-sites&utm_campaign=P9zjira-software9xO9zppm9xV9zcapterra9xG9zallg9xL9zen9xF9zdisc9xA9ztext9xD9zalld9xU9zproject-management&utm_content=view-website&utm_source=capterra		The figure above shows a simplified version of a hypothetical PDM. A realistic project would might not have all the logical relationships. Another thing to disclaim is the relatively low number of tasks in the example. More comprehensive diagrams could be built with software such as Jira<ref name="jira">https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira?utm_source=capterra&utm_medium=paid-review-sites&utm_campaign=P9zjira-software9xO9zppm9xV9zcapterra9xG9zallg9xL9zen9xF9zdisc9xA9ztext9xD9zalld9xU9zproject-management&utm_content=view-website&utm_source=capterra

Jacob Worsøe: /* Scheduling */

2022-03-24T08:04:02Z

Scheduling

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:04, 24 March 2022
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	To create a fruitful diagram the following information should be included: sequence of activities, dependencies with lead and lag times, as well as the durations including float<ref name="Baseline"/>. In Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 is it suggested to use a table like the below to get a comprehensive overview of each task in the Precedence Diagram<ref name="PRINCE2">AXELOS. Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 2017 Edition, The Stationery Office Ltd, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/DTUDK/detail.action?docID=4863041.</ref>:		To create a fruitful diagram the following information should be included: sequence of activities, dependencies with lead and lag times, as well as the durations including float<ref name="Baseline"/>. In Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 is it suggested to use a table like the below to get a comprehensive overview of each task in the Precedence Diagram<ref name="PRINCE2">AXELOS. Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 2017 Edition, The Stationery Office Ltd, 2017. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/DTUDK/detail.action?docID=4863041.</ref>:

	[[File:Computerized table.png\|400px\|thumb\|~~left~~\|Figure 1: The computerized table as described in Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 2017.]]		[[File:Computerized table.png\|400px\|thumb\|center\|Figure 1: The computerized table as described in Managing Successful Projects with PRINCE2 2017.]]

	* ES: Earliest start		* ES: Earliest start

Jacob Worsøe: /* Scheduling */

2022-03-24T07:57:33Z

Scheduling

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:57, 24 March 2022
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	===Scheduling===		===Scheduling===
	Initially, the project manager needs to realize whether the project is approached as predictive (waterfall) or adaptive<ref name="PMBOK7"/>. This should not be confused with the development approach which is also described with these terms in PMBOK<ref name="PMBOK7"/>.		Initially, the project manager needs to realize whether the project is approached as predictive (waterfall) or adaptive<ref name="PMBOK7"/>. This should not be confused with the development approach which is also described with these terms in PMBOK Guide<ref name="PMBOK7"/>.

	To choose the best approach, the project manager should acknowledge how much information there is to be found about the project. If the project consists of already known activities, workload, and required skills the predictive would certainly be the best choice. On the other hand, the adaptive approach would be more appropriate if the tasks and workload are unknown or could change through the project. This approach is iterative and is supplying the project with beneficial insights as scheduling with CPM and the like are vastly predictive. Therefore, the predictive approach will be examined in this article.		To choose the best approach, the project manager should acknowledge how much information there is to be found about the project. If the project consists of already known activities, workload, and required skills the predictive would certainly be the best choice. On the other hand, the adaptive approach would be more appropriate if the tasks and workload are unknown or could change through the project. This approach is iterative and is supplying the project with beneficial insights as scheduling with CPM and the like are vastly predictive. Therefore, the predictive approach will be examined in this article.

Jacob Worsøe: /* Abstract */

2022-03-24T07:54:28Z

Abstract

← Older revision		Revision as of 07:54, 24 March 2022
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	==Abstract==		==Abstract==
	According to PMI a project is a temporary effort to create a value, by changing the status quo. It has an start date and an end date. In between them are some great pillars on which the project relies. One of those is the scheduling management<ref name="PMBOK7"> Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI). (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide) – 7th Edition and The Standard for Project Management. (pp. 35, 58, 59, 188, 189 ). Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI). Retrieved from		According to PMI, a project is a temporary effort to create a value, by changing the status quo. It has an start date and an end date. In between them are some great pillars on which the project relies. One of those is the scheduling management<ref name="PMBOK7"> Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI). (2021). A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK ® Guide) – 7th Edition and The Standard for Project Management. (pp. 35, 58, 59, 188, 189 ). Project Management Institute, Inc. (PMI). Retrieved from
	https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpSPMAGPMP/guide-project-management/guide-project-management</ref>. While scheduling can be done with various tools and methods, this article will focus the use of lag & lead for scheduling. As the purpose of this article is to investigate and show how scheduling could be optimized for project efficiency, some complementary methods will be included. These methods will be Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) including Critical Path Management (CPM) to get a quantified take on possible scheduling risks that might be faced<ref name="Kerzner">Cite: Kerzner, Harold. (2017). Project Management - A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling (12th Edition), pages from chapter 12. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from		https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpSPMAGPMP/guide-project-management/guide-project-management</ref>. While scheduling can be done with various tools and methods, this article will focus the use of lag & lead for scheduling. As the purpose of this article is to investigate and show how scheduling could be optimized for project efficiency, some complementary methods will be included. These methods will be Precedence Diagram Method (PDM) including Critical Path Management (CPM) to get a quantified take on possible scheduling risks that might be faced<ref name="Kerzner">Cite: Kerzner, Harold. (2017). Project Management - A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling (12th Edition), pages from chapter 12. John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from
	https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpPMASAPSC/project-management-systems/project-management-systems. Last visited 20 March 2022.</ref>. One of the goals for this article is to give practical knowledge on how to use lag, lead and CPM. As with many other calculation based tools, is it easier to grasp if examples are given. To accommodate this, a video guide on CPM calculations in a PDM with lag and lead has been made and embedded.		https://app.knovel.com/hotlink/toc/id:kpPMASAPSC/project-management-systems/project-management-systems. Last visited 20 March 2022.</ref>. One of the goals for this article is to give practical knowledge on how to use lag, lead and CPM. As with many other calculation based tools, is it easier to grasp if examples are given. To accommodate this, a video guide on CPM calculations in a PDM with lag and lead has been made and embedded.