Jung's personality Theory - Revision history

Tkokotas at 19:04, 17 November 2018

2018-11-17T19:04:38Z

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			''Developed by Lea Glahn Christiansen''


	[[File:carl_gustav_jung.jpg\|thumb\|Carl Gustav Jung <ref name="Carl Gustav Jung"> https://thereisonlygod.wordpress.com/tag/carl-gustav-jung/ retrieved on Sep. 27. 2017</ref>.]]		[[File:carl_gustav_jung.jpg\|thumb\|Carl Gustav Jung <ref name="Carl Gustav Jung"> https://thereisonlygod.wordpress.com/tag/carl-gustav-jung/ retrieved on Sep. 27. 2017</ref>.]]

Tkokotas at 17:07, 23 October 2018

2018-10-23T17:07:51Z

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	<references/>		<references/>

	~~[[Category:Personality]]~~ [[Category:Personality test]] [[Category:Human Behaviour]] [[Category:Group]] [[Category:Project Management]]		[[Category:Personality test]] [[Category:Human Behaviour]] [[Category:Group Dynamic‏‎ ]] [[Category:Project Management]]

LeaGlahn at 20:49, 2 October 2017

2017-10-02T20:49:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:49, 2 October 2017
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	To form a successful group, you must have a basic understanding of all the potential group members. This includes understanding how each person is motivated, how they gather information and how they make decisions. A projects manager needs to ensure that every team members skills are put to best use and that the way they interact is properly received by the fellow team members. With a clear understanding of each team members psyche a project manager can assign the right tasks to the right people, not only based on their individual expertise areas.		To form a successful group, you must have a basic understanding of all the potential group members. This includes understanding how each person is motivated, how they gather information and how they make decisions. A projects manager needs to ensure that every team members skills are put to best use and that the way they interact is properly received by the fellow team members. With a clear understanding of each team members psyche a project manager can assign the right tasks to the right people, not only based on their individual expertise areas.


	==The Basics==		==The Basics==
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	Jung’s focus on the present day is what makes his personality theory’s especially relevant for project managers. One of Jung’s central concepts was the individuation. This concept is a part of the analytical psychology and is the concept on how humans has a lifelong process of differentiation of the self-persona.		Jung’s focus on the present day is what makes his personality theory’s especially relevant for project managers. One of Jung’s central concepts was the individuation. This concept is a part of the analytical psychology and is the concept on how humans has a lifelong process of differentiation of the self-persona.
	According to Jung the consciousness and unconsciousness of the individual is in a lifelong process of differentiating the self-persona. One part of this concept is the extraversion and introversion aspects, which will be explained in detail later in the article.		According to Jung the consciousness and unconsciousness of the individual is in a lifelong process of differentiating the self-persona. One part of this concept is the extraversion and introversion aspects, which will be explained in detail later in the article.


	== Jung’s perspective on the mind ==		== Jung’s perspective on the mind ==
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	An archetype is formed by the evolution of humans, just as the rest of our organs etc. All humans know of them, but they show themselves in different forms from individual to individual. The archetypes are dynamic and will interact differently in each person, this leads to the formation of each individual’s personality type. That is the archetypes are the foundation for the personality of the individual <ref name=" CGJUNG_vol_9"></ref>.		An archetype is formed by the evolution of humans, just as the rest of our organs etc. All humans know of them, but they show themselves in different forms from individual to individual. The archetypes are dynamic and will interact differently in each person, this leads to the formation of each individual’s personality type. That is the archetypes are the foundation for the personality of the individual <ref name=" CGJUNG_vol_9"></ref>.


	== Personality types ==		== Personality types ==
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	[[File: jung_8_types.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|Jung’s 8 combinations of personality types <ref name="businessballs"></ref>.]]		[[File: jung_8_types.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|Jung’s 8 combinations of personality types <ref name="businessballs"></ref>.]]


	== Optimal team grouping ==		== Optimal team grouping ==
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	==The MBTI® test==		==The MBTI® test==
	The Myers Briggs Type Indicator is based on the work and theory by Jung. MBTI is based on Jung’s personality types and has further developed the concept. MBTI uses Jung’s intro-extrovert principle and his 4 functions. Too the functions they have chosen to add 2, the perceiving function and the judging function.		The Myers Briggs Type Indicator is a personality test designed by Kathrine Cook Briggs and Isabel Briggs Myers. The test aims to make Jung’s personality theory easy to use and understand. The MBTI test is one of the worlds most used personality tests and consists of a questionnaire which defines the individual’s personality type. The questionnaire is based on the perception that every choice we make and how we analyze this is defining us. These choices might seem random but according to Briggs and Myers these answers are not random, but follows our personality types pattern.

			The MBTI test is based on the work and theory by Jung. MBTI is based on Jung’s personality types and has further developed the concept. MBTI uses Jung’s intro-extrovert principle and his 4 functions. Too the functions they have chosen to add 2, the perceiving function and the judging function.
	The basis of the MBTI is therefore:		The basis of the MBTI is therefore:

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	Like Jung’s personality types the underlaying functions is rarely seen and often only when the person is under pressure. The theory behind the MBTI test is much like the theory of Jung’s personality types, just adding the extra dimension of function, the perceiving and judging functions. The theory behind will therefore not be explained in depth.		Like Jung’s personality types the underlaying functions is rarely seen and often only when the person is under pressure. The theory behind the MBTI test is much like the theory of Jung’s personality types, just adding the extra dimension of function, the perceiving and judging functions. The theory behind will therefore not be explained in depth.


	==How to manage different personality’s==		==How to manage different personality’s==
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	The following profiles are inspired by '''Feloni, R. Gould, S. Tieger, P. (2014). ''How To Manage Every Personality Type''. '''Business Insider''', [online].'''		The following profiles are inspired by '''Feloni, R. Gould, S. Tieger, P. (2014). ''How To Manage Every Personality Type''. '''Business Insider''', [online].'''


	===Judging personality’s===		===Judging personality’s===

	====EST====		====EST====
	'''Key characteristics:''' Practical, realistic, analytical, hardworking, responsible, detail oriented. Very friendly and likes to be in full control of the environment. This type prefers hard facts and logic.		'''Key characteristics:''' Practical, realistic, analytical, hardworking, responsible, detail oriented. Very friendly and likes to be in full control of the environment. This type prefers hard facts and logic.

LeaGlahn at 20:35, 2 October 2017

2017-10-02T20:35:21Z

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LeaGlahn at 18:29, 2 October 2017

2017-10-02T18:29:19Z

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LeaGlahn at 10:08, 2 October 2017

2017-10-02T10:08:12Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:08, 2 October 2017
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	== Jung’s perspective on the mind ==		== Jung’s perspective on the mind ==

	[[File: archetypal_wheel.jpg\|thumb\|right\|500px\|Jung’s 12 archetypes <ref name="Interview with Carl Gustav Jung"> ''Interview with Carl Gustav Jung'', https://http://jphonors.weebly.com/archetypes.html retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017 </ref>.]]		[[File: archetypal_wheel.jpg\|thumb\|right\|500px\|Jung’s 12 archetypes <ref name="Interview with Carl Gustav Jung"> Interview with Carl Gustav Jung, https://http://jphonors.weebly.com/archetypes.html retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017 </ref>.]]

	Jung saw the mind as two different parts and how they interacted on each other. He distinguished between the persona and the shadow of the mind. The persona is defined as how we present ourselves to the world, the picture we let others see. While our shadow is the compressed part of us. The shadow often hides our fears and flaws. Besides this Jung noted that the mind consists of a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the persons own memories and experiences while the collective unconscious is the experiences of the species that have been past trough by our DNA. Jung described the different types of collective unconscious personality’s as archetypes. These types are universal and can be used to identify our persona and therefore get a deeper understanding of why different people act as they do. From greek the word ''arche'' means ''original'' and ''typos'' means ''pattern''. The Archetypes is in its basic 12 different personality types that describes the original pattern of a mind. However, Jung pointed that there is as many archetypes as there are situations in life.		Jung saw the mind as two different parts and how they interacted on each other. He distinguished between the persona and the shadow of the mind. The persona is defined as how we present ourselves to the world, the picture we let others see. While our shadow is the compressed part of us. The shadow often hides our fears and flaws. Besides this Jung noted that the mind consists of a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the persons own memories and experiences while the collective unconscious is the experiences of the species that have been past trough by our DNA. Jung described the different types of collective unconscious personality’s as archetypes. These types are universal and can be used to identify our persona and therefore get a deeper understanding of why different people act as they do. From greek the word ''arche'' means ''original'' and ''typos'' means ''pattern''. The Archetypes is in its basic 12 different personality types that describes the original pattern of a mind. However, Jung pointed that there is as many archetypes as there are situations in life.
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	To optimally form a group, it is important to understand what groups do and how they evolve. A group is an organism that constantly reorganize and interact with each other. Groups are formed to solve given tasks and make decisions. This is done by analyzing, searching for potential solutions, analyze potential solutions and at the end make decisions. This means that all individual members of the group must interact with each other and share their knowledge and opinions. If the team member does not know how to interact and share their knowledge with the rest of the team, the group is dysfunctional and can’t perform. It is therefore important to form a group based on the right individuals. This insures that the group can contribute more than the individuals. It is always expected that a group of individuals will perform better than the individuals on their own. The group might have a longer process but the outcome will almost always be better.		To optimally form a group, it is important to understand what groups do and how they evolve. A group is an organism that constantly reorganize and interact with each other. Groups are formed to solve given tasks and make decisions. This is done by analyzing, searching for potential solutions, analyze potential solutions and at the end make decisions. This means that all individual members of the group must interact with each other and share their knowledge and opinions. If the team member does not know how to interact and share their knowledge with the rest of the team, the group is dysfunctional and can’t perform. It is therefore important to form a group based on the right individuals. This insures that the group can contribute more than the individuals. It is always expected that a group of individuals will perform better than the individuals on their own. The group might have a longer process but the outcome will almost always be better.

			[[File: decision_making.jpg\|thumb\|center\|700px\|The Z model from MBTI®. The model describes how the different personality’s is used optimal when working in groups.]]

	When the group is formed the relationships within the group will start to evolve and different individuals might start to take on certain roles. These roles could for example be the leader, the social pleaser, the thinker etc. To ensure that the different roles falls on the individuals best suited for them, it Is critical to have a group that consists of all the different personalities.		When the group is formed the relationships within the group will start to evolve and different individuals might start to take on certain roles. These roles could for example be the leader, the social pleaser, the thinker etc. To ensure that the different roles falls on the individuals best suited for them, it Is critical to have a group that consists of all the different personalities.

			== Case study – Bones ==
			== Further development of Jung's personality theory ==

			Decision

	~~== Case study – Bones ==~~
	~~== Further development of Jung's personality theory ==~~
	== Limitations ==		== Limitations ==
	== Discussion ==		== Discussion ==
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	<references/>		<references/>
	=Annotated bibliography=		=Annotated bibliography=
	:'''Winch, G. M. (2010). "Managing Construction projects", ~~Second~~ edition'''		:'''Winch, G. M. (2010). ''Managing Construction projects'', 2. edition'''
	:'''P.D. Kitchin (2010). "An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers", 1. edition'''		:'''P.D. Kitchin (2010). ''An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers'', 1. edition'''
	:'''Forsynth, D.R (2006). "Group Dynamics", 4. Edition'''		:'''Forsynth, D.R (2006). ''Group Dynamics'', 4. Edition'''

LeaGlahn at 09:06, 2 October 2017

2017-10-02T09:06:39Z

LeaGlahn at 08:41, 2 October 2017

2017-10-02T08:41:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:41, 2 October 2017
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	== Jung’s perspective on the mind ==		== Jung’s perspective on the mind ==
	Jung saw the mind as two different parts and how they interacted on each other. He distinguished between the persona and the shadow of the mind. The persona is defined as how we present ourselves to the world, the picture we let others see. While our shadow is the compressed part of us. The shadow often hides our fears and flaws. Besides this Jung noted that the mind consists of a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the persons own memories and experiences while the collective unconscious is the experiences of the species that have been past trough by our DNA. Jung described the different types of conscious and unconscious personality’s as archetypes. These types are universal and can be used to identify our persona and therefore get a deeper understanding of why different people act as they do. From greek the word ''arche'' means ''original'' and ''typos'' means ''pattern''. The Archetypes is in its basic 12 different personality types that describes the original pattern of a mind.

	[[File: archetypal_wheel.jpg\|thumb\|~~center~~\|500px\|Jung’s 12 archetypes <ref name=''Interview with Carl Gustav Jung''> ''https://http://jphonors.weebly.com/archetypes.html retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.]]		[[File: archetypal_wheel.jpg\|thumb\|right\|500px\|Jung’s 12 archetypes <ref name=''Interview with Carl Gustav Jung''> ''https://http://jphonors.weebly.com/archetypes.html retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.]]

			Jung saw the mind as two different parts and how they interacted on each other. He distinguished between the persona and the shadow of the mind. The persona is defined as how we present ourselves to the world, the picture we let others see. While our shadow is the compressed part of us. The shadow often hides our fears and flaws. Besides this Jung noted that the mind consists of a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the persons own memories and experiences while the collective unconscious is the experiences of the species that have been past trough by our DNA. Jung described the different types of collective unconscious personality’s as archetypes. These types are universal and can be used to identify our persona and therefore get a deeper understanding of why different people act as they do. From greek the word ''arche'' means ''original'' and ''typos'' means ''pattern''. The Archetypes is in its basic 12 different personality types that describes the original pattern of a mind. However, Jung pointed that there is as many archetypes as there are situations in life.

			''”There are as many archetypes as there are typical situations in life. Endless repetition has engraved these experiences into our psychic constitution, not only in the forms of images filled with content, but at first only as forms without content, representing merely the possibility of a certain type of perception and action.”'' C. G. Jung (1981) <ref name=''CGJUNG_vol_9''> ''Jung, C.G. (1981). " The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious (Collected Works of C.G. Jung Vol.9 Part 1
			)", 6. Edition 1980. Translated by Hull, R.F.C.''' </ref>.

			An archetype is formed by the evolution of humans, just as the rest of our organs etc. All humans know of them, but they show themselves in different forms from individual to individual. The archetypes are dynamic and will interact differently in each person, this leads to the formation of each individual’s personality type. That is the archetypes are the foundation for the personality of the individual <ref name=''CGJUNG_vol_9''> ''Jung, C.G. (1981). " The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious (Collected Works of C.G. Jung Vol.9 Part 1
			)", 6. Edition 1980. Translated by Hull, R.F.C.''' </ref>.

	== Personality types ==		== Personality types ==
	Jung distinguish between to bases of personalities, extroverts and introverts. If a person is categorized as extrovert the person is very outgoing and prefers to be among people to socialize. In opposite, the introvert person prefers to be alone and is much more comfortable in his own company. In other words, an introvert is stimulated from within himself while an extrovert person gets stimulated by outside environments. Jung himself explained this in one of his books:		Jung distinguish between to bases of personalities, extroverts and introverts. If a person is categorized as extrovert the person is very outgoing and prefers to be among people to socialize. In opposite, the introvert person prefers to be alone and is much more comfortable in his own company. In other words, an introvert is stimulated from within himself while an extrovert person gets stimulated by outside environments. Jung himself explained this in one of his books:


	''"....The introvert's attitude to the object is an abstracting one.... he is always facing the problem of how libido can be withdrawn from the object...... The extravert, on the contrary, maintains a positive relation to the object. To such an extent does he affirm its importance that his subjective attitude is continually being orientated by, and related to the object...."'' Psychological Types by C. G. Jung 1921 <ref name=''businessballs''> http://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#carl jung's personality types retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.		''"....The introvert's attitude to the object is an abstracting one.... he is always facing the problem of how libido can be withdrawn from the object...... The extravert, on the contrary, maintains a positive relation to the object. To such an extent does he affirm its importance that his subjective attitude is continually being orientated by, and related to the object...."'' Psychological Types by C. G. Jung 1921 <ref name=''businessballs''> http://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#carl jung's personality types retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.
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	By using the above described functions there are a total of 8 different possible combinations which a person can be. These 8 psychological types are formed from a person either being introvert or extravert and the persons dominant function. As Jung also pointed out it is important to remember that a whole personality does not consists of only two preferences, but also a third which is the conscious supporting function. Subconsciously the rest of the functions are also present. Jung’s 8 personality types can be seen in the figure below. Note that the featured letter is the shortened indicator, i.e. ET will e.g. be short for an <u>'''E'''</u>xtrovert <u>'''T'''</u>hinking personality.		By using the above described functions there are a total of 8 different possible combinations which a person can be. These 8 psychological types are formed from a person either being introvert or extravert and the persons dominant function. As Jung also pointed out it is important to remember that a whole personality does not consists of only two preferences, but also a third which is the conscious supporting function. Subconsciously the rest of the functions are also present. Jung’s 8 personality types can be seen in the figure below. Note that the featured letter is the shortened indicator, i.e. ET will e.g. be short for an <u>'''E'''</u>xtrovert <u>'''T'''</u>hinking personality.

	[[File: jung_8_types.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|Jung’s 8 combinations of personality types. Inspired by <ref name=''businessballs''> http://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#carl ~~jung~~'s personality types retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.]]		[[File: jung_8_types.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|Jung’s 8 combinations of personality types. Inspired by <ref name=''businessballs''> http://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#carl Jung's personality types retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.]]

	== Optimal team grouping ==		== Optimal team grouping ==
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	To optimally form a group, it is important to understand what groups do and how they evolve. A group is an organism that constantly reorganize and interact with each other. Groups are formed to solve given tasks and make decisions. This is done by analyzing, searching for potential solutions, analyze potential solutions and at the end make decisions. This means that all individual members of the group must interact with each other and share their knowledge and opinions. If the team member does not know how to interact and share their knowledge with the rest of the team, the group is dysfunctional and can’t perform. It is therefore important to form a group based on the right individuals. This insures that the group can contribute more than the individuals. It is always expected that a group of individuals will perform better than the individuals on their own. The group might have a longer process but the outcome will almost always be better.		To optimally form a group, it is important to understand what groups do and how they evolve. A group is an organism that constantly reorganize and interact with each other. Groups are formed to solve given tasks and make decisions. This is done by analyzing, searching for potential solutions, analyze potential solutions and at the end make decisions. This means that all individual members of the group must interact with each other and share their knowledge and opinions. If the team member does not know how to interact and share their knowledge with the rest of the team, the group is dysfunctional and can’t perform. It is therefore important to form a group based on the right individuals. This insures that the group can contribute more than the individuals. It is always expected that a group of individuals will perform better than the individuals on their own. The group might have a longer process but the outcome will almost always be better.

	When the group is formed the relationships within the group will start to evolve and different individuals might start to take on certain roles. These roles could for example be the leader, the social pleaser, the thinker etc. To ensure that the different roles falls on the individuals best suited for them it Is critical to have a group that consists of all the different personalities.		When the group is formed the relationships within the group will start to evolve and different individuals might start to take on certain roles. These roles could for example be the leader, the social pleaser, the thinker etc. To ensure that the different roles falls on the individuals best suited for them, it Is critical to have a group that consists of all the different personalities.


	Sets of relationships are developing in the grouping process and people begin to adopt certain roles within the group, for example the chair, the secretary and a social worker who looks after the pattern of relating in order to prevent or resolve interpersonal conflicts.[3] A group will have more information when the information of its individuals is pooled and we will usually expect that groups will solve more problems or produce better solutions. [4]

	Problems occurring from bad group dynamics can come from weak leadership, too much deference to authority, blocking, groupthink and free riding, among others. To tackle these obstacles and to strengthen your team's dynamics it is important to know your team, define roles and responsibilities, break down barriers and focus on communication.[7] To do so it is important to understand some of the fundamental models mentioned above. This article is therefore explaining the development of a group on behalf Tuckmans theory, and clarifies what type of persons the team is consisting of by utilizing Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

	== Case study – Bones ==		== Case study – Bones ==
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	<references/>		<references/>
	=Annotated bibliography=		=Annotated bibliography=
	:'''Winch, G. M. (2010), "Managing Construction projects", Second edition'''		:'''Winch, G. M. (2010). "Managing Construction projects", Second edition'''
	:'''P.D. Kitchin (2010), "An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers", 1. edition'''		:'''P.D. Kitchin (2010). "An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers", 1. edition'''
	:'''Forsynth, D.R (2006), "Group Dynamics", 4. Edition'''		:'''Forsynth, D.R (2006). "Group Dynamics", 4. Edition'''




			Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published). Title. ed. City: Publisher, p.Pages Used.

LeaGlahn at 15:43, 1 October 2017

2017-10-01T15:43:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 1 October 2017
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	[[File: persona_jung_examples.jpg\|thumb\|center\|700px\|2 examples on a personality profile based on Jung's functional types.]]		[[File: persona_jung_examples.jpg\|thumb\|center\|700px\|2 examples on a personality profile based on Jung's functional types.]]

	By using the above described functions there are a total of 8 different possible combinations which a person can be. These 8 psychological types are formed from a person either being introvert or extravert and the persons dominant function. As Jung also pointed out it is important to remember that a whole personality does not consists of only two preferences, but also a third which is the conscious supporting function. Subconsciously the rest of the functions are also present. Jung’s 8 personality types can be seen in the figure below. Note that the featured letter is the shortened indicator, i.e. ET will e.g. be short for a <u>'''E'''</u>xtrovert <u>'''T'''</u>hinking personality.		By using the above described functions there are a total of 8 different possible combinations which a person can be. These 8 psychological types are formed from a person either being introvert or extravert and the persons dominant function. As Jung also pointed out it is important to remember that a whole personality does not consists of only two preferences, but also a third which is the conscious supporting function. Subconsciously the rest of the functions are also present. Jung’s 8 personality types can be seen in the figure below. Note that the featured letter is the shortened indicator, i.e. ET will e.g. be short for an <u>'''E'''</u>xtrovert <u>'''T'''</u>hinking personality.

	[[File: jung_8_types.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|Jung’s 8 combinations of personality types. Inspired by <ref name=''businessballs''> http://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#carl jung's personality types retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.]]		[[File: jung_8_types.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|Jung’s 8 combinations of personality types. Inspired by <ref name=''businessballs''> http://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#carl jung's personality types retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.]]

	== Optimal team grouping ==		== Optimal team grouping ==

			To optimally form a group, it is important to understand what groups do and how they evolve. A group is an organism that constantly reorganize and interact with each other. Groups are formed to solve given tasks and make decisions. This is done by analyzing, searching for potential solutions, analyze potential solutions and at the end make decisions. This means that all individual members of the group must interact with each other and share their knowledge and opinions. If the team member does not know how to interact and share their knowledge with the rest of the team, the group is dysfunctional and can’t perform. It is therefore important to form a group based on the right individuals. This insures that the group can contribute more than the individuals. It is always expected that a group of individuals will perform better than the individuals on their own. The group might have a longer process but the outcome will almost always be better.

			When the group is formed the relationships within the group will start to evolve and different individuals might start to take on certain roles. These roles could for example be the leader, the social pleaser, the thinker etc. To ensure that the different roles falls on the individuals best suited for them it Is critical to have a group that consists of all the different personalities.


			Sets of relationships are developing in the grouping process and people begin to adopt certain roles within the group, for example the chair, the secretary and a social worker who looks after the pattern of relating in order to prevent or resolve interpersonal conflicts.[3] A group will have more information when the information of its individuals is pooled and we will usually expect that groups will solve more problems or produce better solutions. [4]

			Problems occurring from bad group dynamics can come from weak leadership, too much deference to authority, blocking, groupthink and free riding, among others. To tackle these obstacles and to strengthen your team's dynamics it is important to know your team, define roles and responsibilities, break down barriers and focus on communication.[7] To do so it is important to understand some of the fundamental models mentioned above. This article is therefore explaining the development of a group on behalf Tuckmans theory, and clarifies what type of persons the team is consisting of by utilizing Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

	== Case study – Bones ==		== Case study – Bones ==
	== Further development of Jung's personality theory ==		== Further development of Jung's personality theory ==
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	<references/>		<references/>
	=Annotated bibliography=		=Annotated bibliography=
	:'''1. Winch, G. M. (2010), "Managing Construction projects". ~~Second~~ edition ~~TEST BIB~~'''		:'''Winch, G. M. (2010), "Managing Construction projects", Second edition'''
			:'''P.D. Kitchin (2010), "An Introduction to Organisational Behaviour for Managers and Engineers", 1. edition'''
			:'''Forsynth, D.R (2006), "Group Dynamics", 4. Edition'''

LeaGlahn at 18:16, 27 September 2017

2017-09-27T18:16:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:16, 27 September 2017
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	To form a successful group, you must have a basic understanding of all the potential group members. This includes understanding how each person is motivated, how they gather information and how they make decisions. A projects manager needs to ensure that every team members skills are put to best use and that the way they interact is properly received by the fellow team members. With a clear understanding of each team members psyche a project manager can assign the right tasks to the right people, not only based on their individual expertise areas.		To form a successful group, you must have a basic understanding of all the potential group members. This includes understanding how each person is motivated, how they gather information and how they make decisions. A projects manager needs to ensure that every team members skills are put to best use and that the way they interact is properly received by the fellow team members. With a clear understanding of each team members psyche a project manager can assign the right tasks to the right people, not only based on their individual expertise areas.

			==The Basics==

	The basis on understanding human behaver is based on the work of psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung. His research was centered around the psychoanalyses of humans and is today very often used to coordinate and make teams in work situations. If a project manager understands the basis of Jung’s personality theory’s he will be capable of grouping teams based on their individual personality trades. If teams are grouped based on this theory the team will complement each other and many conflicts can be avoided. Jung meant that people was defined by their characteristics within the following three groups:		The basis on understanding human behaver is based on the work of psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung. His research was centered around the psychoanalyses of humans and is today very often used to coordinate and make teams in work situations. If a project manager understands the basis of Jung’s personality theory’s he will be capable of grouping teams based on their individual personality trades. If teams are grouped based on this theory the team will complement each other and many conflicts can be avoided. Jung meant that people was defined by their characteristics within the following three groups:

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	[[File:carl_gustav_jung.jpg\|thumb\|Carl Gustav Jung <ref name=~~''Interview with~~ Carl Gustav Jung''> ''https://thereisonlygod.wordpress.com/tag/carl-gustav-jung/ retrieved on Sep. 27. 2017'' </ref>.]]		[[File:carl_gustav_jung.jpg\|thumb\|Carl Gustav Jung <ref name="Carl Gustav Jung"> https://thereisonlygod.wordpress.com/tag/carl-gustav-jung/ retrieved on Sep. 27. 2017</ref>.]]

	In the following it will be explained how Jung saw the mind and especially how it can be used I management when different teams and workgroups are formed. Projects managers are facing 3 main problems today; The complexity of projects, how humans are going to behave in different environments and situations and the many uncertainty’s in a project. How to deal with human factors on projects will be the focus of this article.		In the following it will be explained how Jung saw the mind and especially how it can be used I management when different teams and workgroups are formed. Projects managers are facing 3 main problems today; The complexity of projects, how humans are going to behave in different environments and situations and the many uncertainty’s in a project. How to deal with human factors on projects will be the focus of this article.
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	== Jung’s perspective on the mind ==		== Jung’s perspective on the mind ==

	[[File: archetypal_wheel.jpg\|thumb\|right\|500px\|Jung’s 12 archetypes <ref name=''Interview with Carl Gustav Jung''~~> ''~~https://http://jphonors.weebly.com/archetypes.html retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.]]		[[File: archetypal_wheel.jpg\|thumb\|right\|500px\|Jung’s 12 archetypes <ref name="Interview with Carl Gustav Jung"> ''Interview with Carl Gustav Jung'', https://http://jphonors.weebly.com/archetypes.html retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017 </ref>.]]

	Jung saw the mind as two different parts and how they interacted on each other. He distinguished between the persona and the shadow of the mind. The persona is defined as how we present ourselves to the world, the picture we let others see. While our shadow is the compressed part of us. The shadow often hides our fears and flaws. Besides this Jung noted that the mind consists of a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the persons own memories and experiences while the collective unconscious is the experiences of the species that have been past trough by our DNA. Jung described the different types of collective unconscious personality’s as archetypes. These types are universal and can be used to identify our persona and therefore get a deeper understanding of why different people act as they do. From greek the word ''arche'' means ''original'' and ''typos'' means ''pattern''. The Archetypes is in its basic 12 different personality types that describes the original pattern of a mind. However, Jung pointed that there is as many archetypes as there are situations in life.		Jung saw the mind as two different parts and how they interacted on each other. He distinguished between the persona and the shadow of the mind. The persona is defined as how we present ourselves to the world, the picture we let others see. While our shadow is the compressed part of us. The shadow often hides our fears and flaws. Besides this Jung noted that the mind consists of a personal unconscious and a collective unconscious. The personal unconscious is the persons own memories and experiences while the collective unconscious is the experiences of the species that have been past trough by our DNA. Jung described the different types of collective unconscious personality’s as archetypes. These types are universal and can be used to identify our persona and therefore get a deeper understanding of why different people act as they do. From greek the word ''arche'' means ''original'' and ''typos'' means ''pattern''. The Archetypes is in its basic 12 different personality types that describes the original pattern of a mind. However, Jung pointed that there is as many archetypes as there are situations in life.

	''”There are as many archetypes as there are typical situations in life. Endless repetition has engraved these experiences into our psychic constitution, not only in the forms of images filled with content, but at first only as forms without content, representing merely the possibility of a certain type of perception and action.”'' C. G. Jung (1981) <ref name=''CGJUNG_vol_9''> ''Jung, C.G. (1981). " The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious (Collected Works of C.G. Jung Vol.9 Part 1		''”There are as many archetypes as there are typical situations in life. Endless repetition has engraved these experiences into our psychic constitution, not only in the forms of images filled with content, but at first only as forms without content, representing merely the possibility of a certain type of perception and action.”'' C. G. Jung (1981) <ref name="CGJUNG_vol_9"> Jung, C.G. (1981). "The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious (Collected Works of C.G. Jung Vol.9 Part 1
	)", 6. Edition 1980. Translated by Hull, R.F.C.~~'''~~ </ref>.		)", 6. Edition 1980. Translated by Hull, R.F.C.</ref>.

	An archetype is formed by the evolution of humans, just as the rest of our organs etc. All humans know of them, but they show themselves in different forms from individual to individual. The archetypes are dynamic and will interact differently in each person, this leads to the formation of each individual’s personality type. That is the archetypes are the foundation for the personality of the individual <ref name=''CGJUNG_vol_9''> ~~''Jung, C.G. (1981). " The Archetypes and The Collective Unconscious (Collected Works of C.G. Jung Vol.9 Part 1~~		An archetype is formed by the evolution of humans, just as the rest of our organs etc. All humans know of them, but they show themselves in different forms from individual to individual. The archetypes are dynamic and will interact differently in each person, this leads to the formation of each individual’s personality type. That is the archetypes are the foundation for the personality of the individual <ref name=" CGJUNG_vol_9"></ref>.
	~~)", 6. Edition 1980. Translated by Hull, R.F.C.'''~~ </ref>.

	== Personality types ==		== Personality types ==
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	''"....The introvert's attitude to the object is an abstracting one.... he is always facing the problem of how libido can be withdrawn from the object...... The extravert, on the contrary, maintains a positive relation to the object. To such an extent does he affirm its importance that his subjective attitude is continually being orientated by, and related to the object...."'' Psychological Types by C. G. Jung 1921 <ref name=''businessballs''> http://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm~~#carl jung's personality types~~ retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.		''"....The introvert's attitude to the object is an abstracting one.... he is always facing the problem of how libido can be withdrawn from the object...... The extravert, on the contrary, maintains a positive relation to the object. To such an extent does he affirm its importance that his subjective attitude is continually being orientated by, and related to the object...."'' Psychological Types by C. G. Jung 1921 <ref name="businessballs"> http://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017</ref>.

	As an example, we could look at Julie. Julie prefers to spend her Friday night out with friends and often she has plans the entire weekend. She loves to interact with lots of different people and she probably has a big circle of friends. On the contrary Dan prefers to stay home, read books and watch movies by himself all weekend. Dan most likely only have few, but close friends. Julie is an extrovert while Dan is an introvert person. However, it is important to know that there is no such person that is 100 % extrovert or introvert, as Jung also said himself:		As an example, we could look at Julie. Julie prefers to spend her Friday night out with friends and often she has plans the entire weekend. She loves to interact with lots of different people and she probably has a big circle of friends. On the contrary Dan prefers to stay home, read books and watch movies by himself all weekend. Dan most likely only have few, but close friends. Julie is an extrovert while Dan is an introvert person. However, it is important to know that there is no such person that is 100 % extrovert or introvert, as Jung also said himself:

	''"There is no such thing as a pure introvert or extrovert. Such a person would be in the lunatic asylum. ''" C. G. Jung <ref name=''quote_intro_extro''> https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/c/carljung717968.html retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.		''"There is no such thing as a pure introvert or extrovert. Such a person would be in the lunatic asylum. ''" C. G. Jung <ref name="quote_intro_extro"> https://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/c/carljung717968.html retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017</ref>.

	When people are grouped into introvert – extroverts Jung subdivides people even further. People are categorized after how they perceive the world and how they make decisions. Jung categorize after the following four groups, called the functional types:		When people are grouped into introvert – extroverts Jung subdivides people even further. People are categorized after how they perceive the world and how they make decisions. Jung categorize after the following four groups, called the functional types:
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	*'''Intuition''' - Opposite of sensation is the people who goes for their intuition. When a person relay mostly on intuition he uses his unconscious to decide in all kinds of situations and environments. When Julie decorates her living room she might use two different designs of chairs and a third design for the couch. A person like Dan would have not liked if the furniture were not part of a matching set.		*'''Intuition''' - Opposite of sensation is the people who goes for their intuition. When a person relay mostly on intuition he uses his unconscious to decide in all kinds of situations and environments. When Julie decorates her living room she might use two different designs of chairs and a third design for the couch. A person like Dan would have not liked if the furniture were not part of a matching set.

	[[File: rational_vs_irrational.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\| The Rational personality versus the Irrational <ref name=''R_vs_I''> ''https://www.tasklabels.com/disorganized-person/ retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017'' </ref>.]]		[[File: rational_vs_irrational.jpg\|thumb\|right\|300px\| The Rational personality versus the Irrational <ref name="R_vs_I"> https://www.tasklabels.com/disorganized-person/ retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017</ref>.]]


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	By using the above described functions there are a total of 8 different possible combinations which a person can be. These 8 psychological types are formed from a person either being introvert or extravert and the persons dominant function. As Jung also pointed out it is important to remember that a whole personality does not consists of only two preferences, but also a third which is the conscious supporting function. Subconsciously the rest of the functions are also present. Jung’s 8 personality types can be seen in the figure below. Note that the featured letter is the shortened indicator, i.e. ET will e.g. be short for an <u>'''E'''</u>xtrovert <u>'''T'''</u>hinking personality.		By using the above described functions there are a total of 8 different possible combinations which a person can be. These 8 psychological types are formed from a person either being introvert or extravert and the persons dominant function. As Jung also pointed out it is important to remember that a whole personality does not consists of only two preferences, but also a third which is the conscious supporting function. Subconsciously the rest of the functions are also present. Jung’s 8 personality types can be seen in the figure below. Note that the featured letter is the shortened indicator, i.e. ET will e.g. be short for an <u>'''E'''</u>xtrovert <u>'''T'''</u>hinking personality.

	[[File: jung_8_types.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|Jung’s 8 combinations of personality types~~. Inspired by~~ <ref name=''businessballs''> ~~http://www.businessballs.com/personalitystylesmodels.htm#carl Jung's personality types retrieved on Sep. 21. 2017''~~ </ref>.]]		[[File: jung_8_types.jpg\|thumb\|center\|500px\|Jung’s 8 combinations of personality types <ref name="businessballs"></ref>.]]

	== Optimal team grouping ==		== Optimal team grouping ==