Design for Sustainability in Construction - Revision history

Tkokotas at 19:29, 20 November 2018

2018-11-20T19:29:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:29, 20 November 2018
Line 1:		Line 1:
			''Developed by Ewa Kunkel''


	This article addresses [[Sustainability in Project and Portfolio Management\| sustainability in construction]]		This article addresses [[Sustainability in Project and Portfolio Management\| sustainability in construction]]
	[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainability_in_building_design_and_construction] managed during the design phase.		[https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Sustainability_in_building_design_and_construction] managed during the design phase.

EwaKunkel: /* Pre-design */

2017-07-02T21:45:06Z

Pre-design

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:45, 2 July 2017
Line 73:		Line 73:
	Before actual design, appropriateness of the project must be evaluated. The site and local situation like available resources or existing structures as well as natural environment should be reviewed. E.g. perhaps there is already structure on the site that could be used or rebuilt or some of those components could be reused to create a new building. Possibilities on sustainable construction in the localisation should be investigated, for instance local renewable energy sources or government support for green energy production.		Before actual design, appropriateness of the project must be evaluated. The site and local situation like available resources or existing structures as well as natural environment should be reviewed. E.g. perhaps there is already structure on the site that could be used or rebuilt or some of those components could be reused to create a new building. Possibilities on sustainable construction in the localisation should be investigated, for instance local renewable energy sources or government support for green energy production.

	~~Before~~ starting the design, it should be assured that proper people are chosen for the project. The team of managers, designers and contractors should be aware of the sustainable targets of the project and work together from the very beginning to achieve the goal.		Prior starting the design, it should be assured that proper people are chosen for the project. The team of managers, designers and contractors should be aware of the sustainable targets of the project and work together from the very beginning to achieve the goal.

	===Initial planning ===		===Initial planning ===

EwaKunkel: /* Water */

2017-07-02T21:43:45Z

Water

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:43, 2 July 2017
Line 104:		Line 104:

	====Water====		====Water====
	Water consumption is second issue after energy that impacts environment. To save water there are designed rainwater collection, ~~greywater~~ and ~~back~~ water systems. Those can significantly reduce building demand for water or even reduce it completely. It may seem that the tanks can be just added at the construction process. However early implementation into design can result in better water collection efficiency, for instance by dedicated roof design to gather more rainwater.		Water consumption is second issue after energy that impacts environment. To save water there are designed rainwater collection, grey water and black water systems. Those can significantly reduce building demand for water or even reduce it completely. It may seem that the tanks can be just added at the construction process. However early implementation into design can result in better water collection efficiency, for instance by dedicated roof design to gather more rainwater.

	Water efficient sanitary equipment chosen for the project can help reduce needs for water use. Depending on the location water might be very valuable resource, that is why right choices should be done as soon as possible.		Water efficient sanitary equipment chosen for the project can help reduce needs for water use. Depending on the location water might be very valuable resource, that is why right choices should be done as soon as possible.

	====Construction management====		====Construction management====
	Although it seems that nothing can be done while designing to ensure sustainability during construction, it can influence the works substantially. Having discussed site challenges between designing team and construction managers is crucial. It may not only make worker’s life easier but also contribute to savings and most importantly save environment from the impacts of the actions.		Although it seems that nothing can be done while designing to ensure sustainability during construction, it can influence the works substantially. Having discussed site challenges between designing team and construction managers is crucial. It may not only make worker’s life easier but also contribute to savings and most importantly save environment from the impacts of the actions.

EwaKunkel: /* Implementation of new technologies */

2017-07-02T21:41:32Z

Implementation of new technologies

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:41, 2 July 2017
Line 129:		Line 129:
	Sustainable solutions require unconventional thinking and sometimes they may seem complicated. To achieve the goal the choices of the designer must be careful. The decisions should be made not only based on architect’s opinion but also other specialists’ opinions. As an example: the sizes and location of windows are not only depending on aesthetical outcome but also on amount of daylight provided indoors and heat gains. This may be an obstacle for designers and contractors who did not experience this kind of collaboration before.		Sustainable solutions require unconventional thinking and sometimes they may seem complicated. To achieve the goal the choices of the designer must be careful. The decisions should be made not only based on architect’s opinion but also other specialists’ opinions. As an example: the sizes and location of windows are not only depending on aesthetical outcome but also on amount of daylight provided indoors and heat gains. This may be an obstacle for designers and contractors who did not experience this kind of collaboration before.
	===Implementation of new technologies===		===Implementation of new technologies===
	Certainly, sustainable design is new and requires new solutions and technologies. New technologies like windows are rising costs of initial investments. Though the ~~component~~ are often the same, they must be used in different way. Thus, for insulation styrofoam and mineral wool are still used, but they need to be assembled in thicker layers. It requires slightly different treatment than in traditional construction.		Certainly, sustainable design is new and requires new solutions and technologies. New technologies like windows are rising costs of initial investments. Though the components are often the same, they must be used in a different way. Thus, for insulation styrofoam and mineral wool are still used, but they need to be assembled in thicker layers. It requires slightly different treatment than in traditional construction.

	===Stubbornness===		===Stubbornness===

EwaKunkel: /* Aesthetics */

2017-07-02T21:39:02Z

Aesthetics

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:39, 2 July 2017
Line 124:		Line 124:
	There are claims that sustainable buildings are not architecturally beautiful. Frank Gehry said that green buildings are “bogus” <ref name="interview"> Michael Arndt, ''[http://archive.li/vumxL/ Architect Gehry on LEED Buildings: Humbug]'', Bloomberg Businessweek, April 07, 2010 </ref> and Perter Eisenman that they are “having nothing to do with architecture”<ref name="interview2"> ''[http://curatorialproject.com/interviews/petereisenmani.html Intercontinental Curatorial Project, Interview with Peter Eisenman]'', June 18, 2009 </ref>.		There are claims that sustainable buildings are not architecturally beautiful. Frank Gehry said that green buildings are “bogus” <ref name="interview"> Michael Arndt, ''[http://archive.li/vumxL/ Architect Gehry on LEED Buildings: Humbug]'', Bloomberg Businessweek, April 07, 2010 </ref> and Perter Eisenman that they are “having nothing to do with architecture”<ref name="interview2"> ''[http://curatorialproject.com/interviews/petereisenmani.html Intercontinental Curatorial Project, Interview with Peter Eisenman]'', June 18, 2009 </ref>.
	It is right that first sustainable houses were not impressive in terms of aesthetics, see Figure 3. The reason for designing simple square or rectangular houses is that the more compact building’s envelope is, the more energy efficient it is.		It is right that first sustainable houses were not impressive in terms of aesthetics, see Figure 3. The reason for designing simple square or rectangular houses is that the more compact building’s envelope is, the more energy efficient it is.
	However, there is a hope for the sustainable buildings in future. There already are created structures that are both environmentally friendly and look attractive, see Figure 4. Thus, in following years ~~there~~ could be expected that new constructions will be more and more pleasant to look at.		However, there is a hope for the sustainable buildings in future. There already are created structures that are both environmentally friendly and look attractive, see Figure 4. Thus, in following years it could be expected that new constructions will be more and more pleasant to look at.

	===Complexity of the sustainable improvements===		===Complexity of the sustainable improvements===

EwaKunkel: /* Construction management */

2017-07-02T21:37:41Z

Construction management

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:37, 2 July 2017
Line 112:		Line 112:
	Planning of the construction works should start with beginning of design process. The site conditions might determine some aspects of the construction works. In difficult plots, access to the construction site might determine location of the building.		Planning of the construction works should start with beginning of design process. The site conditions might determine some aspects of the construction works. In difficult plots, access to the construction site might determine location of the building.

	To ensure sustainability during the works, the construction manager should be aware of the amounts of the materials needed. Precise numbers provided by the architect can help to decide about quantities to be ordered and it will reduce number of left-overs. Recycling on the site will also contribute to ~~the~~ sustainability. To assure that workers do segregate materials, the access to the trash bin should be easy.		To ensure sustainability during the works, the construction manager should be aware of the amounts of the materials needed. Precise numbers provided by the architect can help to decide about quantities to be ordered and it will reduce number of left-overs. Recycling on the site will also contribute to sustainability. To assure that workers do segregate materials, the access to the trash bin should be easy.

	====Operation and Maintenance (O&M) ====		====Operation and Maintenance (O&M) ====

EwaKunkel: /* Energy */

2017-07-02T21:36:34Z

Energy

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:36, 2 July 2017
Line 99:		Line 99:
	There is a list of elements that affect energy performance of the building. The proper design and construction of building envelope has great impact on the energy demand. There should be chosen sufficient thickness of insulation and the building should be raised in the way that it is tight.		There is a list of elements that affect energy performance of the building. The proper design and construction of building envelope has great impact on the energy demand. There should be chosen sufficient thickness of insulation and the building should be raised in the way that it is tight.

	Not only envelope is important but also choice of energy source, certainly solar heating system is more sustainable than coal furnace. Choice of artificial light type and bulbs used as well as appliances energy class are contributing to overall sustainability of the building.		Not only envelope is important but also choice of energy source, certainly a solar heating system is more sustainable than a coal furnace. Choice of artificial light type and bulbs used as well as appliances energy class are contributing to overall sustainability of the building.

	Daylight design has also influence on the building. There are solar heat gains and heat loses through glazing. Depending on the design, those could have positive or negative impacts.		Daylight design has also influence on the building. There are solar heat gains and heat loses through glazing. Depending on the design, those could have positive or negative impacts.

	====Water====		====Water====
	Water consumption is second issue after energy that impacts environment. To save water there are designed rainwater collection, greywater and back water systems. Those can significantly reduce building demand for water or even reduce it completely. It may seem that the tanks can be just added at the construction process. However early implementation into design can result in better water collection efficiency, for instance by dedicated roof design to gather more rainwater.		Water consumption is second issue after energy that impacts environment. To save water there are designed rainwater collection, greywater and back water systems. Those can significantly reduce building demand for water or even reduce it completely. It may seem that the tanks can be just added at the construction process. However early implementation into design can result in better water collection efficiency, for instance by dedicated roof design to gather more rainwater.

EwaKunkel: /* Material selection */

2017-07-02T21:35:37Z

Material selection

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:35, 2 July 2017
Line 84:		Line 84:
	===Detail design===		===Detail design===
	====Material selection====		====Material selection====
	Choice of the materials for the project has a great impact on the sustainability of the structure. It is relevant throughout all life cycle of the product. The impact on the environment starts form the extraction of raw materials to produce building materials. If the choice is brick for instance, the impacts depend on: how clay is extracted, how it changes the local site, if during production of brick there are emissions, how much heat is used during process. Moreover, there are additional concerns: transportation of the product form factory to the site, what treatment it needs to be assembled to become a wall, how it influences building indoor climate during operation, what happens after disassembly, is it reused or goes to landfill. In the end there is a question to be answered by designer: is there other material that has less impact? Maybe it is possible to reuse already available material or perhaps it is possible to find new one that can be recycled after building life and still serve people for other purposes.		Choice of the materials for the project has a great impact on the sustainability of the structure. It is relevant throughout all life cycle of the product. The impact on the environment starts form the extraction of raw materials to produce building materials. If the choice is brick for instance, the impacts depend on: how clay is extracted, how it changes the local site, if during production of brick there are emissions, how much heat is used during process. Moreover, there are additional concerns: transportation of the product form factory to the site, what treatment it needs to be assembled to become a wall, how it influences building indoor climate during operation, what happens after disassembly, is it reused or goes to landfill. In the end there is a question to be answered by the designer: is there other material that has less impact? Maybe it is possible to reuse already available material or perhaps it is possible to find a new one that can be recycled after building life and still serve people for other purposes.

	Local material might be better choice as the significant impact from the products is transportation. Even though one product might seem more environmentally-friendly, in bigger perspective it could turn out that importing the more sustainable material (i.e. bamboo) from distant part of world does not pay off in terms of sustainability.		Local material might be better choice as the significant impact from the products is transportation. Even though one product might seem more environmentally-friendly, in bigger perspective it could turn out that importing the more sustainable material (i.e. bamboo) from a distant part of the world does not pay off in terms of sustainability.

	People spend more of their time inside than outside. All materials that are components of our homes, schools and work places could be emitting particles, that have possible negative impacts on humans. The proper choice of materials influence health and well-being. For instance, concrete helps to clean the air.		People spend more of their time inside than outside. All materials that are components of our homes, schools and work places could be emitting particles, that have possible negative impacts on humans. The proper choice of materials influence health and well-being. For instance, concrete helps to clean the air.
Line 94:		Line 94:
	Depending on the material sizes and characteristics it might need special equipment for the construction purposes. Renting additional crane might be an option, but does it pay off? Choice of the materials also influences the use phase. Some materials are easy to maintain, while others need special treatment. It could increase for instance water use for cleaning purposes.		Depending on the material sizes and characteristics it might need special equipment for the construction purposes. Renting additional crane might be an option, but does it pay off? Choice of the materials also influences the use phase. Some materials are easy to maintain, while others need special treatment. It could increase for instance water use for cleaning purposes.

	Another aim of the design could be to decrease amount of material required for construction. One of the approaches is modularisation. Using typical sizes of the smaller structural elements can eliminate need for adjustments like cutting the tiles. In this way, there ~~are~~ no waste produced on the site.		Another aim of the design could be to decrease amount of material required for construction. One of the approaches is modularisation. Using typical sizes of the smaller structural elements can eliminate need for adjustments like cutting the tiles. In this way, there is no waste produced on the site.

	====Energy====		====Energy====

EwaKunkel: /* Pre-design */

2017-07-02T21:32:06Z

Pre-design

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:32, 2 July 2017
Line 69:		Line 69:
	This section describes how design for sustainability applies on the example of building construction. Listed above techniques are tool to achieve sustainability in construction. Considerations on influence of the design are presented in following stages of project life<ref name="sds"> ''[http://www.architecture.com.au/docs/default-source/edg/sustainable-design-strategies-for-architects.pdf?sfvrsn=0 Sustainable design strategies. Raia Environment Policy - Supplementary document. Sustainable Design Strategies for Architects]'', August, 2001 </ref>.		This section describes how design for sustainability applies on the example of building construction. Listed above techniques are tool to achieve sustainability in construction. Considerations on influence of the design are presented in following stages of project life<ref name="sds"> ''[http://www.architecture.com.au/docs/default-source/edg/sustainable-design-strategies-for-architects.pdf?sfvrsn=0 Sustainable design strategies. Raia Environment Policy - Supplementary document. Sustainable Design Strategies for Architects]'', August, 2001 </ref>.
	===Pre-design===		===Pre-design===
	Designers must know that the client might not have enough information about possible sustainable solutions. It is important that design team ~~introduce~~ those tools and benefits of using them to client during briefing process. Having that knowledge client can make better decision on the order he/she makes.		Designers must know that the client might not have enough information about possible sustainable solutions. It is important that the design team introduces those tools and benefits of using them to client during briefing process. Having that knowledge, the client can make better decision on the order he/she makes.

	Before actual design, appropriateness of the project must be evaluated. The site and local situation like available resources or existing structures as well as natural environment should be reviewed. E.g. perhaps there is already structure on the site that could be used or rebuilt or some of those components could be reused to create new building. Possibilities on sustainable construction in the localisation should be investigated, for instance local renewable energy sources or government support for green energy production.		Before actual design, appropriateness of the project must be evaluated. The site and local situation like available resources or existing structures as well as natural environment should be reviewed. E.g. perhaps there is already structure on the site that could be used or rebuilt or some of those components could be reused to create a new building. Possibilities on sustainable construction in the localisation should be investigated, for instance local renewable energy sources or government support for green energy production.

	Before starting the design, it should be assured that proper people are chosen for the project. The team of managers, designers and contractors should be aware of the sustainable targets of the project and work together from the very beginning to achieve the goal.		Before starting the design, it should be assured that proper people are chosen for the project. The team of managers, designers and contractors should be aware of the sustainable targets of the project and work together from the very beginning to achieve the goal.

EwaKunkel: /* Sustainable design strategies */

2017-07-02T21:30:06Z

Sustainable design strategies

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:30, 2 July 2017
Line 31:		Line 31:
	===Sustainable design strategies===		===Sustainable design strategies===

	Many strategies apply to sustainable design, although they represent different approaches the final goal is common for all of them, sustainable design. The designer should not just choose one of those methods, their combination ~~shall~~ serve for achieving the best results. Presented below list names some of possible techniques relevant for construction management and provides short explanation of them:		Many strategies apply to sustainable design, although they represent different approaches the final goal is common for all of them: sustainable design. The designer should not just choose one of those methods, their combination should serve for achieving the best results. Presented below list names some of possible techniques relevant for construction management and provides short explanation of them:
	* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_design Integrated Design]		* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_design Integrated Design]
	Integrated approach to design brings together all the specialists responsible for the structure. It requires collaboration between architect, structural, HVAC and other engineers. All of them work together to do "sustainable architecture"[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_architecture]. One of the most commonly used tool for that purposes is [[BIM as a Management Tool in Construction Projects\| BIM]].		Integrated approach to design brings together all the specialists responsible for the structure. It requires collaboration between architect, structural, HVAC and other engineers. All of them work together to do "sustainable architecture"[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_architecture]. One of the most commonly used tool for that purposes is [[BIM as a Management Tool in Construction Projects\| BIM]].
Line 45:		Line 45:
	Following the concept of reusing materials for construction, components of the building should be assembled in the way that it will be easy to disassemble them without any damages		Following the concept of reusing materials for construction, components of the building should be assembled in the way that it will be easy to disassemble them without any damages
	*Design for Recyclability		*Design for Recyclability
	It is about using materials that are easy to recycle, a bit like previous idea. The components of ~~building~~ should be easy to segregate. For instance, the consideration is how to separate frame of window from pane ~~so that any of material is~~ not destroyed ~~so that cannot~~ be reused/recycled afterwards.		It is about using materials that are easy to recycle, a bit like previous idea. The components of the buildings should be easy to segregate. For instance, the consideration is how to separate frame of window from pane thus the materials are not destroyed and can be reused/recycled afterwards.
	*Design for Multifunctionality		*Design for Multifunctionality
	Design in the way that product has multiple uses. Spaces in the building should be easily adjustable for other uses. For instance, open office space constructed without columns inside can be converted in to concert hall.		Design in the way that product has multiple uses. Spaces in the building should be easily adjustable for other uses. For instance, open office space constructed without columns inside can be converted in to concert hall.