Cognitive Bias - Revision history

RikkeA: /* Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias */

2019-04-21T13:55:14Z

Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias

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	===Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias===		===Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias===
	The following list of cognitive biases and heuristics is not exhaustive, in reality, there are hundreds of different kinds. The list includes the most commonly encountered instances when dealing with projects as listed by PMI.<ref name="PMI">Chatzipanos, P. and Giotis, T. (~~2019~~). Cognitive biases as project & program complexity enhancers. [online] Pmi.org. Available at: https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/cognitive-biases-complexity-enhancers-projects-1454 [Accessed 21 Apr. 2019].</ref>		The following list of cognitive biases and heuristics is not exhaustive, in reality, there are hundreds of different kinds. The list includes the most commonly encountered instances when dealing with projects as listed by PMI.<ref name="PMI">Chatzipanos, P. and Giotis, T. (2014). Cognitive biases as project & program complexity enhancers. [online] Pmi.org. Available at: https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/cognitive-biases-complexity-enhancers-projects-1454 [Accessed 21 Apr. 2019].</ref>

	Chatzipanos, P. A. & Giotis, T. (2014). Cognitive biases as project & program complexity enhancers: the Astypalea project. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2014—EMEA, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.

RikkeA: /* Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias */

2019-04-21T13:54:29Z

Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias

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	===Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias===		===Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias===
	The following list of cognitive biases and heuristics is not exhaustive, in reality, there are hundreds of different kinds. The list includes the most commonly encountered instances when dealing with projects as listed by PMI.<ref name="PMI">~~De Janasz~~, ~~S., Wood, G., Gottschalk, L., Dowd, K~~. and ~~Scneider~~, B. (~~2007~~). ~~Interpersonal skills in organizations~~. ~~North Ryde, N~~.S.W.~~: McGraw~~-~~Hill~~.</ref>		The following list of cognitive biases and heuristics is not exhaustive, in reality, there are hundreds of different kinds. The list includes the most commonly encountered instances when dealing with projects as listed by PMI.<ref name="PMI">Chatzipanos, P. and Giotis, T. (2019). Cognitive biases as project & program complexity enhancers. [online] Pmi.org. Available at: https://www.pmi.org/learning/library/cognitive-biases-complexity-enhancers-projects-1454 [Accessed 21 Apr. 2019].</ref>

	Chatzipanos, P. A. & Giotis, T. (2014). Cognitive biases as project & program complexity enhancers: the Astypalea project. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2014—EMEA, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.		Chatzipanos, P. A. & Giotis, T. (2014). Cognitive biases as project & program complexity enhancers: the Astypalea project. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2014—EMEA, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.

RikkeA at 13:51, 21 April 2019

2019-04-21T13:51:21Z

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	To reduce the impact of cognitive bias in a program or project it is of paramount importance to be aware of their existence. Kahneman suggests asking the following three questions to help recognize and manage biases and their effect:		To reduce the impact of cognitive bias in a program or project it is of paramount importance to be aware of their existence. Kahneman suggests asking the following three questions to help recognize and manage biases and their effect:<ref name="Ketal">Kahneman, D., Lovallo, D., & Sibony, O., (2011) The big idea: Before you make that big decision…, Harvard Business Review, June 2011, Harvard Business Publishing.</ref>

	# Preliminary: Is there any suspicion that biases based on self-interest, overconfidence, or attachment to past experiences exist? If such biases exist, it is almost impossible for people to not have these three influence their decisions.		Preliminary:
	# ~~Challenge:~~ Does groupthink exist? Assess, recognize, and try to expose the biases' effects.		Challenge:
	# ~~Evaluation:~~ Are there any recognizable perceptions about people's positive or negative attitudes towards the proposed action / change / result?		Evaluation:

			He further suggests asking the following three questions throughout the project duration <ref name="Kahne2011">Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux</ref>


			# Is there any suspicion that biases based on self-interest, overconfidence, or attachment to past experiences exist? If such biases exist, it is almost impossible for people to not have these three influence their decisions.
			# Does groupthink exist? Assess, recognize, and try to expose the biases' effects.
			# Are there any recognizable perceptions about people's positive or negative attitudes towards the proposed action / change / result?

	The process it iterative and must be carried out before, during and after the project.		The process it iterative and must be carried out before, during and after the project.

RikkeA: /* Application */

2019-04-21T13:44:24Z

Application

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	To reduce the impact of cognitive bias in a program or project it is of paramount importance to be aware of their existence. Kahneman suggests asking the following three questions to help recognize and manage biases and their effect: ~~'''FIND KILDE'''~~		To reduce the impact of cognitive bias in a program or project it is of paramount importance to be aware of their existence. Kahneman suggests asking the following three questions to help recognize and manage biases and their effect:

	# Preliminary: Is there any suspicion that biases based on self-interest, overconfidence, or attachment to past experiences exist? If such biases exist, it is almost impossible for people to not have these three influence their decisions.		# Preliminary: Is there any suspicion that biases based on self-interest, overconfidence, or attachment to past experiences exist? If such biases exist, it is almost impossible for people to not have these three influence their decisions.

RikkeA at 13:19, 21 April 2019

2019-04-21T13:19:52Z

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	The process it iterative and must be carried out before, during and after the project.		The process it iterative and must be carried out before, during and after the project.

			SLOW:
			*'''S'''
			*'''L'''
			*'''O'''
			*'''W'''

	==Limitations==		==Limitations==

RikkeA at 13:14, 21 April 2019

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	===Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias===		===Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias===
	The following list of cognitive biases and heuristics is not exhaustive, in reality, there are hundreds of different kinds. The list includes the most commonly encountered instances when dealing with projects as listed by PMI.<ref name="PMI">De Janasz, S., Wood, G., Gottschalk, L., Dowd, K. and Scneider, B. (2007). Interpersonal skills in organizations. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill.</ref>		The following list of cognitive biases and heuristics is not exhaustive, in reality, there are hundreds of different kinds. The list includes the most commonly encountered instances when dealing with projects as listed by PMI.<ref name="PMI">De Janasz, S., Wood, G., Gottschalk, L., Dowd, K. and Scneider, B. (2007). Interpersonal skills in organizations. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill.</ref>

			Chatzipanos, P. A. & Giotis, T. (2014). Cognitive biases as project & program complexity enhancers: the Astypalea project. Paper presented at PMI® Global Congress 2014—EMEA, Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Newtown Square, PA: Project Management Institute.


	*'''Optimism Bias''' - Being overly optimistic, overestimating favorable outcomes and having excessive confidence in the individual's beliefs, knowledge, and capability.		*'''Optimism Bias''' - Being overly optimistic, overestimating favorable outcomes and having excessive confidence in the individual's beliefs, knowledge, and capability.

RikkeA at 13:03, 21 April 2019

2019-04-21T13:03:30Z

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	===Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias===		===Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias===
	The following list of cognitive biases and heuristics is not exhaustive, in reality, there are hundreds of different kinds. The list includes the most commonly encountered instances when dealing with projects as listed by PMI.		The following list of cognitive biases and heuristics is not exhaustive, in reality, there are hundreds of different kinds. The list includes the most commonly encountered instances when dealing with projects as listed by PMI.<ref name="PMI">De Janasz, S., Wood, G., Gottschalk, L., Dowd, K. and Scneider, B. (2007). Interpersonal skills in organizations. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill.</ref>

	*'''Optimism Bias''' - Being overly optimistic, overestimating favorable outcomes and having excessive confidence in the individual's beliefs, knowledge, and capability.		*'''Optimism Bias''' - Being overly optimistic, overestimating favorable outcomes and having excessive confidence in the individual's beliefs, knowledge, and capability.

RikkeA: /* Description & Purpose */

2019-04-19T16:13:35Z

Description & Purpose

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	To deliver a project on time and on budget it must be expertly managed. As humans are not rational beings, such management is always susceptible to cognitive bias		To deliver a project on time and on budget it must be expertly managed. As humans are not rational beings, such management is always susceptible to cognitive bias

			Cognitive Bias vs. Heurestics

	===Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias===		===Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias===

RikkeA: /* Overview of Different Types */

2019-04-19T13:37:15Z

Overview of Different Types

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	===Overview of Different Types===		===Overview of Different Types of Cognitive Bias===
	The following list of cognitive biases and heuristics is not exhaustive, in reality, there are hundreds of different kinds. The list includes the most commonly encountered instances when dealing with projects as listed by PMI.		The following list of cognitive biases and heuristics is not exhaustive, in reality, there are hundreds of different kinds. The list includes the most commonly encountered instances when dealing with projects as listed by PMI.

RikkeA at 13:35, 19 April 2019

2019-04-19T13:35:16Z

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	==Description & Purpose==		==Description & Purpose==
	<!-- Description and purpose, Reflect the current state of the art -->		<!-- Description and purpose, Reflect the current state of the art -->
			To deliver a project on time and on budget it must be expertly managed. As humans are not rational beings, such management is always susceptible to cognitive bias


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	To reduce the impact of cognitive bias in a program or project it is of paramount importance to be aware of their existence. Kahneman suggests asking the following three questions to help recognize and manage biases and their effect: '''FIND KILDE'''		To reduce the impact of cognitive bias in a program or project it is of paramount importance to be aware of their existence. Kahneman suggests asking the following three questions to help recognize and manage biases and their effect: '''FIND KILDE'''

	# Is there any suspicion that biases based on self-interest, overconfidence, or attachment to past experiences exist? If such biases exist, it is almost impossible for people to not have these three influence their decisions.		# Preliminary: Is there any suspicion that biases based on self-interest, overconfidence, or attachment to past experiences exist? If such biases exist, it is almost impossible for people to not have these three influence their decisions.
	# Does groupthink exist? Assess, recognize, and try to expose the biases' effects.		# Challenge: Does groupthink exist? Assess, recognize, and try to expose the biases' effects.
	# Are there any recognizable perceptions about people's positive or negative attitudes towards the proposed action / change / result?		# Evaluation: Are there any recognizable perceptions about people's positive or negative attitudes towards the proposed action / change / result?

			The process it iterative and must be carried out before, during and after the project.

	==Limitations==		==Limitations==