Change Orders in Construction Projects - Revision history

Ozgenurbastug: /* Annotated Bibliography */

2021-02-28T17:47:27Z

Annotated Bibliography

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:47, 28 February 2021
Line 229:		Line 229:

	:'''3. International Federation of Consulting Engineers. (1999): FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer.'''		:'''3. International Federation of Consulting Engineers. (1999): FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer.'''
	:The International Federation of Consulting Engineers is an international standards organization for consulting engineering and construction. Also known as ''FIDIC Red Book'', the mentioned document is the conditions of contract for construction projects. It ~~defines~~ the roles and responsibilities for different parties involved. Also, there is a section dedicated to the changes in which the content of the change orders and the change process are described. Therefore, detailed information about the change orders can also be obtained from this document.		:The International Federation of Consulting Engineers is an international standards organization for consulting engineering and construction. Also known as ''FIDIC Red Book'', the mentioned document defines the conditions of contract for construction projects. It describes the roles and responsibilities for different parties involved. Also, there is a section dedicated to the changes in which the content of the change orders and the change process are described. Therefore, detailed information about the change orders can also be obtained from this document.

	:'''4. American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction.'''		:'''4. American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction.'''
	:American Institute of Architects is a professional organization in the United States whose contracts are commonly used for the construction projects. ''General Conditions of the Contract for Construction'' is the contract prepared by AIA to clearly define the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the owner, contractor, and architect. The details of the construction project contracts can be seen in the document. It is one of the most common contract types used in the United States.		:American Institute of Architects is a professional organization in the United States whose contracts are commonly used for the construction projects. ''General Conditions of the Contract for Construction'' is the contract prepared by AIA to clearly define the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the owner, contractor, and architect. The details of the construction project contracts can be seen in the document. It is one of the most common contract types used in the United States. The reader may have the overall knowledge about the construction contract conditions by reading this document.

	:'''5. Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee. (2007). EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract.'''		:'''5. Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee. (2007). EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract.'''

Ozgenurbastug: /* Annotated Bibliography */

2021-02-28T17:43:29Z

Annotated Bibliography

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:43, 28 February 2021
Line 232:		Line 232:

	:'''4. American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction.'''		:'''4. American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction.'''
	:American Institute of Architects is a professional organization in the United States whose contracts are commonly used for the construction projects. ''General Conditions of the Contract for Construction'' is the contract prepared by AIA to ~~set forth~~ the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the owner, contractor, and architect. The details of the construction project contracts can be seen in the document.		:American Institute of Architects is a professional organization in the United States whose contracts are commonly used for the construction projects. ''General Conditions of the Contract for Construction'' is the contract prepared by AIA to clearly define the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the owner, contractor, and architect. The details of the construction project contracts can be seen in the document. It is one of the most common contract types used in the United States.

	:'''5. Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee. (2007). EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract.'''		:'''5. Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee. (2007). EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract.'''
	:Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee is a committee which includes the American Society of Civil Engineer and more than fifteen other professional engineering design, construction, owner, legal, and risk management organizations. ''Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract'' is a standard contract prepared by EJCDC which ~~sets~~ the duties of each party of a contract. It is one of the ~~main~~ contract types used in the United States. The reader may have the overall knowledge about the construction contract conditions by reading this document.		:Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee is a committee which includes the American Society of Civil Engineer and more than fifteen other professional engineering design, construction, owner, legal, and risk management organizations. ''Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract'' is a standard contract prepared by EJCDC which explains the duties of each party of a contract. It is one of the most common contract types used in the United States. The reader may have the overall knowledge about the construction contract conditions by reading this document.

	== References ==		== References ==

Ozgenurbastug: /* References */

2021-02-28T17:40:27Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:40, 28 February 2021
Line 243:		Line 243:
	<ref name="Arain">Arain, F.M., Pheng, L.S. (2006), Developers' Views of Potential Causes of Variation Orders for Institutional Buildings in Singapore, Architectural Science Review, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 59-74. </ref>		<ref name="Arain">Arain, F.M., Pheng, L.S. (2006), Developers' Views of Potential Causes of Variation Orders for Institutional Buildings in Singapore, Architectural Science Review, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 59-74. </ref>
	<ref name="Levy">Levy, S. M. (2000). Project Management in Construction. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.</ref>		<ref name="Levy">Levy, S. M. (2000). Project Management in Construction. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc.</ref>
	<ref name="BC">Infrastructure BC. Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre (AACC), Schedule 17. ~~Retrieved from:~~ https://www.infrastructurebc.com/pdf/aacc%20-%20Schedule%2017%20(Variation%20Procedure)%20Severed%20Version%20-%20v9A.pdf</ref>		<ref name="BC">Infrastructure BC. Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre (AACC), Schedule 17. https://www.infrastructurebc.com/pdf/aacc%20-%20Schedule%2017%20(Variation%20Procedure)%20Severed%20Version%20-%20v9A.pdf</ref>
	<ref name="Ruben"> Ndihokubwayo, Ruben & Haupt, Theo. (2008). Uncovering the Origins of Variation Orders. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242110226_UNCOVERING_THE_ORIGINS_OF_VARIATION_ORDERS </ref>		<ref name="Ruben"> Ndihokubwayo, Ruben & Haupt, Theo. (2008). Uncovering the Origins of Variation Orders. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242110226_UNCOVERING_THE_ORIGINS_OF_VARIATION_ORDERS </ref>
	<ref name="potential"> Osman, Z., Omran A. and Foo, C.K. (2009). The Potential Effects of Variation Orders in Construction Projects. Journal of Engineering. 2: 141-152. </ref>		<ref name="potential"> Osman, Z., Omran A. and Foo, C.K. (2009). The Potential Effects of Variation Orders in Construction Projects. Journal of Engineering. 2: 141-152. </ref>

Ozgenurbastug: /* References */

2021-02-28T17:39:56Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:39, 28 February 2021
Line 248:		Line 248:
	<ref name="Ibbs"> Ibbs, C. & Wong, Clarence & Kwak, Young. (2001). Project Change Management System. Journal of Management in Engineering. 17. 10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2001)17:3(159). </ref>		<ref name="Ibbs"> Ibbs, C. & Wong, Clarence & Kwak, Young. (2001). Project Change Management System. Journal of Management in Engineering. 17. 10.1061/(ASCE)0742-597X(2001)17:3(159). </ref>
	<ref name="cause">Muhammad, N. &. (n.d.). Causes of Variation Order in Building and Civil Engineering Projects in Nigeria. Jurnal Teknologi. 77. 91-97. 10.11113/jt.v77.6404.</ref>		<ref name="cause">Muhammad, N. &. (n.d.). Causes of Variation Order in Building and Civil Engineering Projects in Nigeria. Jurnal Teknologi. 77. 91-97. 10.11113/jt.v77.6404.</ref>
	<ref name="westbank">Staiti, Mujahed & Othman, Mohammed & Jaaron, Ayham. (2016). Impact of Change Orders In Construction Sector In The West Bank. </ref>		<ref name="westbank">Staiti, Mujahed & Othman, Mohammed & Jaaron, Ayham. (2016). Impact of Change Orders in Construction Sector in The West Bank. </ref>
	<ref name="Ssegawa">Ssegawa, J.K., Mfolwe, K.M., Makuke, B. and Kutua, B. 2002, “Construction Variations: A Scourge or a Necessity?”, Proceedings of the First International Conference of CIB W107, 11-13 Nov. 2002, Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 87-96 </ref>		<ref name="Ssegawa">Ssegawa, J.K., Mfolwe, K.M., Makuke, B. and Kutua, B. 2002, “Construction Variations: A Scourge or a Necessity?”, Proceedings of the First International Conference of CIB W107, 11-13 Nov. 2002, Cape Town, South Africa, pp. 87-96 </ref>
	<ref name="CII">CII, 1986. Constructability: A Primer. Construction Industry Institute, University of Texas at Austin, TX. </ref>		<ref name="CII">CII, 1986. Constructability: A Primer. Construction Industry Institute, University of Texas at Austin, TX. </ref>
Line 254:		Line 254:
	<ref name="negotiation">Ndihokubwayo, Ruben & Haupt, Theo. (2009). Variation Orders on Construction Projects: Value-adding or Waste?. Ruben Ndihokubwayo. 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45380450_Variation_Orders_on_Construction_Projects_Value-adding_or_Waste </ref>		<ref name="negotiation">Ndihokubwayo, Ruben & Haupt, Theo. (2009). Variation Orders on Construction Projects: Value-adding or Waste?. Ruben Ndihokubwayo. 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45380450_Variation_Orders_on_Construction_Projects_Value-adding_or_Waste </ref>
	<ref name="AIA">American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. </ref>		<ref name="AIA">American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. </ref>
	<ref name="AGC"> The Associated General Contractors (AGC) of America. AGC ~~THE CONSTRUCTION ASSOCIATION~~. ~~Retrieved from~~ Change Orders: https://www.agc.org/change-orders</ref>		<ref name="AGC"> The Associated General Contractors (AGC) of America. AGC the Construction Association. Change Orders. https://www.agc.org/change-orders </ref>
	<ref name=" EJCDC "> Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee. (2007). EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract. </ref>		<ref name=" EJCDC "> Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee. (2007). EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract. </ref>
	<ref name=" iron triangle "> Van Wyngaard, C. & Pretorius, Jan-Harm & Pretorius, Leon. (2012). Theory of the ~~triple constraint~~ — A ~~conceptual review~~. 1991-1997. 10.1109/IEEM.2012.6838095. </ref>		<ref name=" iron triangle "> Van Wyngaard, C. & Pretorius, Jan-Harm & Pretorius, Leon. (2012). Theory of the Triple Constraint — A Conceptual Review. 1991-1997. 10.1109/IEEM.2012.6838095. </ref>

Ozgenurbastug: /* Causes of Change Orders */

2021-02-28T17:29:29Z

Causes of Change Orders

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:29, 28 February 2021
Line 86:		Line 86:
	*Change orders are mainly issued for the additional works.		*Change orders are mainly issued for the additional works.
	*The most common causes of the change orders are:		*The most common causes of the change orders are:
	:*'''''Change in plans''''': Caused by the changes made by clients. They may happen due to insufficient involvement of the client in the design phase, lack of understanding of the client in terms of design or merely a change of mind or requirements. <ref name="significant"/>		:'''''Change in plans''''': Caused by the changes made by clients. They may happen due to insufficient involvement of the client in the design phase, lack of understanding of the client in terms of design or merely a change of mind or requirements. <ref name="significant"/>

	:*'''''Change in scope''''': Occurs due to inadequate planning in the project definition phase.		:'''''Change in scope''''': Occurs due to inadequate planning in the project definition phase.

	:*'''''Financial problems''''': Client may undergo some financial problems leading to some budget constraints or may simply seek to make some savings. This problem may lead to change in schedule, specifications and the quality of the construction. <ref name="significant"/>		:'''''Financial problems''''': Client may undergo some financial problems leading to some budget constraints or may simply seek to make some savings. This problem may lead to change in schedule, specifications and the quality of the construction. <ref name="significant"/>

	:*'''''Conflicting contract documents''''': Contract documents must be clear, detailed and understandable. If a contract fails to meet these requirements, then it results in misinterpretation of the actual requirement of a project <ref name="CII"/> These misinterpretations may later on result in change orders, conflicts, delays in the project, etc.		:'''''Conflicting contract documents''''': Contract documents must be clear, detailed and understandable. If a contract fails to meet these requirements, then it results in misinterpretation of the actual requirement of a project <ref name="CII"/> These misinterpretations may later on result in change orders, conflicts, delays in the project, etc.

	:*'''''Impediment in prompt decision making process''''': It is highly important for a project that the decisions should be taken as fast as possible in order to avoid extra costs and delays. Therefore, it is also an important factor for the success of the projects. The lack of this results in change orders during the life cycle of the project.		:'''''Impediment in prompt decision making process''''': It is highly important for a project that the decisions should be taken as fast as possible in order to avoid extra costs and delays. Therefore, it is also an important factor for the success of the projects. The lack of this results in change orders during the life cycle of the project.

	:*'''''Change in design''''': Changes in design are quite common in the fast track projects where the construction phase starts before the completion of the design. <ref name="fisk"/> While the changes in the design phase, or the initial part of the construction phase do not have much adverse effects, changes in the later phases may cause severe impacts on the project.		:'''''Change in design''''': Changes in design are quite common in the fast track projects where the construction phase starts before the completion of the design. <ref name="fisk"/> While the changes in the design phase, or the initial part of the construction phase do not have much adverse effects, changes in the later phases may cause severe impacts on the project.

	== Preparation of Change Orders ==		== Preparation of Change Orders ==

Ozgenurbastug at 17:28, 28 February 2021

2021-02-28T17:28:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:28, 28 February 2021
Line 204:		Line 204:

	Change orders may affect one of these factors and due to their interdependent relationship, all factors will be affected. Or they may affect all of them at the same time also. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that change orders are quite important when it comes to managing a project effectively and successfully.		Change orders may affect one of these factors and due to their interdependent relationship, all factors will be affected. Or they may affect all of them at the same time also. Therefore, it would not be wrong to say that change orders are quite important when it comes to managing a project effectively and successfully.

			== Limitations ==
			Each contract contains a section for the change orders and change order form. It is almost impossible to complete a project without a change order; however, the use of change orders must be minimized as much as possible. To be able to do that, involved parties (planners, designers, project managers, etc.) should be careful prior to the start of the construction. However, since the errors can be corrected or plans can be changed later on with the change orders, this situation limits the effectiveness of the project.

			Although change orders are useful tools to make changes from the agreed scope of work in the contract, it should be understood that they are not as broad as a contract and they do not allow to change all the unwanted aspects of the contract but rather some parts agreed between the parties related to scope of work, time, cost, etc.

			In addition, since change orders are costly, they are allowed up to some extent due to financial concerns. The total amount of the change orders can be up to some percentage (determined by the project executives) of the overall project contract.

	== Conclusion ==		== Conclusion ==

Ozgenurbastug: /* References */

2021-02-28T16:17:14Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:17, 28 February 2021
Line 246:		Line 246:
	<ref name="significant">Memon, Aftab & Abdul Rahman, Ismail & Hasan, Mohamad. (2014). Significant Causes and Effects of Variation Orders in Construction Projects. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 7. 4494-4502. 10.19026/rjaset.7.826. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268630247_Significant_Causes_and_Effects_of_Variation_Orders_in_Construction_Projects </ref>		<ref name="significant">Memon, Aftab & Abdul Rahman, Ismail & Hasan, Mohamad. (2014). Significant Causes and Effects of Variation Orders in Construction Projects. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology. 7. 4494-4502. 10.19026/rjaset.7.826. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268630247_Significant_Causes_and_Effects_of_Variation_Orders_in_Construction_Projects </ref>
	<ref name="negotiation">Ndihokubwayo, Ruben & Haupt, Theo. (2009). Variation Orders on Construction Projects: Value-adding or Waste?. Ruben Ndihokubwayo. 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45380450_Variation_Orders_on_Construction_Projects_Value-adding_or_Waste </ref>		<ref name="negotiation">Ndihokubwayo, Ruben & Haupt, Theo. (2009). Variation Orders on Construction Projects: Value-adding or Waste?. Ruben Ndihokubwayo. 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45380450_Variation_Orders_on_Construction_Projects_Value-adding_or_Waste </ref>
	<ref name="AIA">American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017. </ref>		<ref name="AIA">American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction. </ref>
	<ref name="AGC"> The Associated General Contractors (AGC) of America. AGC THE CONSTRUCTION ASSOCIATION. Retrieved from Change Orders: https://www.agc.org/change-orders</ref>		<ref name="AGC"> The Associated General Contractors (AGC) of America. AGC THE CONSTRUCTION ASSOCIATION. Retrieved from Change Orders: https://www.agc.org/change-orders</ref>
	<ref name=" EJCDC "> Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee. (2007). EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract. </ref>		<ref name=" EJCDC "> Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee. (2007). EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract. </ref>
	<ref name=" iron triangle "> Van Wyngaard, C. & Pretorius, Jan-Harm & Pretorius, Leon. (2012). Theory of the triple constraint — A conceptual review. 1991-1997. 10.1109/IEEM.2012.6838095. </ref>		<ref name=" iron triangle "> Van Wyngaard, C. & Pretorius, Jan-Harm & Pretorius, Leon. (2012). Theory of the triple constraint — A conceptual review. 1991-1997. 10.1109/IEEM.2012.6838095. </ref>

Ozgenurbastug: /* Annotated Bibliography */

2021-02-28T16:16:13Z

Annotated Bibliography

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:16, 28 February 2021
Line 222:		Line 222:

	:'''3. International Federation of Consulting Engineers. (1999): FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer.'''		:'''3. International Federation of Consulting Engineers. (1999): FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer.'''
	:The International Federation of Consulting Engineers is an international standards organization for consulting engineering and construction. Also known as FIDIC Red Book, the mentioned document is the conditions of contract for construction projects. It defines the roles and responsibilities for different parties involved. Also, there is a section dedicated to the changes in which the content of the change orders and the change process are described. Therefore, detailed information about the change orders can also be obtained from this document.		:The International Federation of Consulting Engineers is an international standards organization for consulting engineering and construction. Also known as ''FIDIC Red Book'', the mentioned document is the conditions of contract for construction projects. It defines the roles and responsibilities for different parties involved. Also, there is a section dedicated to the changes in which the content of the change orders and the change process are described. Therefore, detailed information about the change orders can also be obtained from this document.

	:'''4. American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction.'''		:'''4. American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction.'''
	:American Institute of Architects is a professional organization in the United States whose contracts are commonly used for the construction projects. General Conditions of the Contract for Construction is the contract prepared by AIA to set forth the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the owner, contractor, and architect. The details of the construction project contracts can be seen in the document.		:American Institute of Architects is a professional organization in the United States whose contracts are commonly used for the construction projects. ''General Conditions of the Contract for Construction'' is the contract prepared by AIA to set forth the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the owner, contractor, and architect. The details of the construction project contracts can be seen in the document.

	:'''5. Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee. (2007). EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract.'''		:'''5. Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee. (2007). EJCDC C-700 Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract.'''
	:Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee is a committee which includes the American Society of Civil Engineer and more than fifteen other professional engineering design, construction, owner, legal, and risk management organizations. Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract is a standard contract prepared by EJCDC which sets the duties of each party of a contract. It is one of the main contract types used in the United States. The reader may have the overall knowledge about the construction contract conditions by reading this document.		:Engineers Joint Contract Documents Committee is a committee which includes the American Society of Civil Engineer and more than fifteen other professional engineering design, construction, owner, legal, and risk management organizations. ''Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract'' is a standard contract prepared by EJCDC which sets the duties of each party of a contract. It is one of the main contract types used in the United States. The reader may have the overall knowledge about the construction contract conditions by reading this document.

	== References ==		== References ==

Ozgenurbastug: /* Annotated Bibliography */

2021-02-28T16:15:11Z

Annotated Bibliography

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:15, 28 February 2021
Line 223:		Line 223:
	:'''3. International Federation of Consulting Engineers. (1999): FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer.'''		:'''3. International Federation of Consulting Engineers. (1999): FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Construction for Building and Engineering Works Designed by the Employer.'''
	:The International Federation of Consulting Engineers is an international standards organization for consulting engineering and construction. Also known as FIDIC Red Book, the mentioned document is the conditions of contract for construction projects. It defines the roles and responsibilities for different parties involved. Also, there is a section dedicated to the changes in which the content of the change orders and the change process are described. Therefore, detailed information about the change orders can also be obtained from this document.		:The International Federation of Consulting Engineers is an international standards organization for consulting engineering and construction. Also known as FIDIC Red Book, the mentioned document is the conditions of contract for construction projects. It defines the roles and responsibilities for different parties involved. Also, there is a section dedicated to the changes in which the content of the change orders and the change process are described. Therefore, detailed information about the change orders can also be obtained from this document.


	:'''4. American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction.'''		:'''4. American Institute of Architects. (2017). AIA Document A201 – 2017 General Conditions of the Contract for Construction.'''

Ozgenurbastug at 16:14, 28 February 2021

2021-02-28T16:14:57Z

Show changes