Challenges in cross-cultural project management - Revision history

http://13.50.150.85/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management Challenges in cross-cultural project management - Revision history 2026-07-18T05:32:49Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.3 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management&diff=60428&oldid=prev Tkokotas at 12:49, 18 December 2018 2018-12-18T12:49:57Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:49, 18 December 2018</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Developed by Frederik Skjoldborg''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Introduction'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Introduction'''</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

Tkokotas http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management&diff=32667&oldid=prev S113430 at 21:25, 26 September 2016 2016-09-26T21:25:28Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:25, 26 September 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l39">Line 39:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at power distance we see that Denmark and China have a big gab while United States are in the middle. This means that a Danish or Chinese manager most likely would have a harder time managing the group compared to an American. The reason for that is that a Danish manager could be seen as weak or bad by asking to many questions to the rest of the group since it would be seen as the person would not be good enough to hold that possition. If there where things that was not clear enough formulated the Chinese might not ask questions or question decisions in general to not making the leader loose face. On the other hand if the leader were Chinese there would be the risk of the Danes asking to many questions and by that make the leader loose face and feel disrespected.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at power distance we see that Denmark and China have a big gab while United States are in the middle. This means that a Danish or Chinese manager most likely would have a harder time managing the group compared to an American. The reason for that is that a Danish manager could be seen as weak or bad by asking to many questions to the rest of the group since it would be seen as the person would not be good enough to hold that possition. If there where things that was not clear enough formulated the Chinese might not ask questions or question decisions in general to not making the leader loose face. On the other hand if the leader were Chinese there would be the risk of the Danes asking to many questions and by that make the leader loose face and feel disrespected.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the scores on masculinity it is seen that both United States and China has a high score while Denmark is scoring low. This could have the have influence that a Danish project manager would have to prove there worth more if the project group was in an area that historically have been considered a "men's job" or "Women's job". This will probably mainly been in a group where there are individuals that have this mindset, but it is still worth being aware of. Another thing that can happen with the scores being far apart is how dedicated people are to work together compared to working on individual tasks in the project. Is the task made in cooperation and managed by consensus or are the tasks just destributed between the perticipants.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the scores on masculinity it is seen that both United States and China has a high score while Denmark is scoring low. This could have the have influence that a Danish project manager would have to prove there worth more if the project group was in an area that historically have been considered a "men's job" or "Women's job". This will probably mainly been in a group where there are individuals that have this mindset, but it is still worth being aware of. Another thing that can happen with the scores being far apart is how dedicated people are to work together compared to working on individual tasks in the project. Is the task made in cooperation and managed by consensus or are the tasks just destributed between the perticipants.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The individualism score is also important to look at since this can have a huge impact on how well the work in the project group is. In high scoring individualism countries like Denmark and United States there is a more straight forward approach to work. It does not matter that much if you have a personal relationship with the people you are working with. The most important is that the job is done in a good way so you can put it on your resume and use it. For countries with a low individualism score it is important to create some kind of relationship, with the people you are working with since it is important to feel like a part of the group.<ref> S.Chevrier, ''Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups", (Journal of World Business — 2003, Volume 38, Issue 2), pp. 141-149 </ref> <ref> L.S. Pheng; C.H.Y Leong, ''Cross-cultural project management for international construction in China'', (International Journal of Project Management — 2000, Volume 18, Issue 5), pp. 307-316</ref> <ref name="multiple"> G<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>Hofstede, ''Cultural dimensions for project management'', (International Journal of Project Management — 1983, Volume 1, Issue 1), pp. 41-48</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The individualism score is also important to look at since this can have a huge impact on how well the work in the project group is. In high scoring individualism countries like Denmark and United States there is a more straight forward approach to work. It does not matter that much if you have a personal relationship with the people you are working with. The most important is that the job is done in a good way so you can put it on your resume and use it. For countries with a low individualism score it is important to create some kind of relationship, with the people you are working with since it is important to feel like a part of the group.<ref> S.Chevrier, ''Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups", (Journal of World Business — 2003, Volume 38, Issue 2), pp. 141-149 </ref> <ref> L.S. Pheng; C.H.Y Leong, ''Cross-cultural project management for international construction in China'', (International Journal of Project Management — 2000, Volume 18, Issue 5), pp. 307-316</ref> <ref name="multiple"> G<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins>Hofstede, ''Cultural dimensions for project management'', (International Journal of Project Management — 1983, Volume 1, Issue 1), pp. 41-48</ref> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Limitations of the concept==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Limitations of the concept==</div></td></tr> </table>

S113430 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management&diff=32663&oldid=prev S113430 at 21:24, 26 September 2016 2016-09-26T21:24:50Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:24, 26 September 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l39">Line 39:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at power distance we see that Denmark and China have a big gab while United States are in the middle. This means that a Danish or Chinese manager most likely would have a harder time managing the group compared to an American. The reason for that is that a Danish manager could be seen as weak or bad by asking to many questions to the rest of the group since it would be seen as the person would not be good enough to hold that possition. If there where things that was not clear enough formulated the Chinese might not ask questions or question decisions in general to not making the leader loose face. On the other hand if the leader were Chinese there would be the risk of the Danes asking to many questions and by that make the leader loose face and feel disrespected.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at power distance we see that Denmark and China have a big gab while United States are in the middle. This means that a Danish or Chinese manager most likely would have a harder time managing the group compared to an American. The reason for that is that a Danish manager could be seen as weak or bad by asking to many questions to the rest of the group since it would be seen as the person would not be good enough to hold that possition. If there where things that was not clear enough formulated the Chinese might not ask questions or question decisions in general to not making the leader loose face. On the other hand if the leader were Chinese there would be the risk of the Danes asking to many questions and by that make the leader loose face and feel disrespected.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the scores on masculinity it is seen that both United States and China has a high score while Denmark is scoring low. This could have the have influence that a Danish project manager would have to prove there worth more if the project group was in an area that historically have been considered a "men's job" or "Women's job". This will probably mainly been in a group where there are individuals that have this mindset, but it is still worth being aware of. Another thing that can happen with the scores being far apart is how dedicated people are to work together compared to working on individual tasks in the project. Is the task made in cooperation and managed by consensus or are the tasks just destributed between the perticipants.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the scores on masculinity it is seen that both United States and China has a high score while Denmark is scoring low. This could have the have influence that a Danish project manager would have to prove there worth more if the project group was in an area that historically have been considered a "men's job" or "Women's job". This will probably mainly been in a group where there are individuals that have this mindset, but it is still worth being aware of. Another thing that can happen with the scores being far apart is how dedicated people are to work together compared to working on individual tasks in the project. Is the task made in cooperation and managed by consensus or are the tasks just destributed between the perticipants.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The individualism score is also important to look at since this can have a huge impact on how well the work in the project group is. In high scoring individualism countries like Denmark and United States there is a more straight forward approach to work. It does not matter that much if you have a personal relationship with the people you are working with. The most important is that the job is done in a good way so you can put it on your resume and use it. For countries with a low individualism score it is important to create some kind of relationship, with the people you are working with since it is important to feel like a part of the group.<ref> S.Chevrier, ''Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups", (Journal of World Business — 2003, Volume 38, Issue 2), pp. 141-149 </ref> <ref> L.S. Pheng; C.H.Y Leong, ''Cross-cultural project management for international construction in China'', (International Journal of Project Management — 2000, Volume 18, Issue 5), pp. 307-316</ref> <ref> G, Hofstede, ''Cultural dimensions for project management'', (International Journal of Project Management — 1983, Volume 1, Issue 1), pp. 41-48</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The individualism score is also important to look at since this can have a huge impact on how well the work in the project group is. In high scoring individualism countries like Denmark and United States there is a more straight forward approach to work. It does not matter that much if you have a personal relationship with the people you are working with. The most important is that the job is done in a good way so you can put it on your resume and use it. For countries with a low individualism score it is important to create some kind of relationship, with the people you are working with since it is important to feel like a part of the group.<ref> S.Chevrier, ''Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups", (Journal of World Business — 2003, Volume 38, Issue 2), pp. 141-149 </ref> <ref> L.S. Pheng; C.H.Y Leong, ''Cross-cultural project management for international construction in China'', (International Journal of Project Management — 2000, Volume 18, Issue 5), pp. 307-316</ref> <ref <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name="multiple"</ins>> G, Hofstede, ''Cultural dimensions for project management'', (International Journal of Project Management — 1983, Volume 1, Issue 1), pp. 41-48</ref> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Limitations of the concept==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Limitations of the concept==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l46">Line 46:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 46:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These things taking into account it is important to mention that that the same survey that was originally used in IBM has been tested at business seminars outside aswell and the results look a like.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These things taking into account it is important to mention that that the same survey that was originally used in IBM has been tested at business seminars outside aswell and the results look a like.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even though this is not a general management concept it can be very relevant for project managers that have to manage a cross-cultural project group to know about this. This is especially true when the project group consists of people from countries with high difference in scores for the different dimensions. A big part of it is for the manager to be aware of where there could be clashes and to be cultural sensititve to this.<ref<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">> G, Hofstede, ''Cultural dimensions for project management'', (International Journal of Project Management — 1983, Volume 1, Issue 1), pp. 41-48<</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ref</del>></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even though this is not a general management concept it can be very relevant for project managers that have to manage a cross-cultural project group to know about this. This is especially true when the project group consists of people from countries with high difference in scores for the different dimensions. A big part of it is for the manager to be aware of where there could be clashes and to be cultural sensititve to this.<ref <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">name="multiple"</ins>/></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Annotated bibliography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Annotated bibliography==</div></td></tr> </table>

S113430 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management&diff=32650&oldid=prev S113430 at 21:22, 26 September 2016 2016-09-26T21:22:15Z

<p></p> <a href="http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management&diff=32650&oldid=32441">Show changes</a>

S113430 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management&diff=32441&oldid=prev S113430 at 20:40, 26 September 2016 2016-09-26T20:40:04Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:40, 26 September 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l11">Line 11:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== The Tool == </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== The Tool == </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hoffstede’s culturel dimension framework is the product of a research made by Geert Hofstede, a Dutch psychologist. It is based on data collected at IBM between 1967 to 1973, where more than 100,000 employees, from across 70 countries were asked about individuals values and attitudes. It consisted of 4 dimensions, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, indiviualism versus collectivism and masculinity versus femininity. First only the 40 countries with must respondents were used but later 10 extra countries where added together with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to </del>extra dimensions Long term orientation versus short term normative orientation and </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hoffstede’s culturel dimension framework is the product of a research made by Geert Hofstede, a Dutch psychologist. It is based on data collected at IBM between 1967 to 1973, where more than 100,000 employees, from across 70 countries were asked about individuals values and attitudes. It consisted of 4 dimensions, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, indiviualism versus collectivism and masculinity versus femininity. First only the 40 countries with must respondents were used but later 10 extra countries where added together with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3 regions (the Arab region, East Africa and West Africa), and two </ins>extra dimensions Long term orientation versus short term normative orientation and </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indulgence versus restraint. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Indulgence versus restraint. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l39">Line 39:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at power distance we see that Denmark and China have a big gab while United States are in the middle. This means that a Danish or Chinese manager most likely would have a harder time managing the group compared to an American. The reason for that is that a Danish manager could be seen as weak or bad by asking to many questions to the rest of the group since it would be seen as the person would not be good enough for the possition. If there where things that was not clear enough the Chinese might not ask questions or question decisions in general to not making the leader loose face. Un the other hand if the leader were Chinese there would be the risk of the Danes asking to many questions and by that make the leader loose face and feel disrespected.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at power distance we see that Denmark and China have a big gab while United States are in the middle. This means that a Danish or Chinese manager most likely would have a harder time managing the group compared to an American. The reason for that is that a Danish manager could be seen as weak or bad by asking to many questions to the rest of the group since it would be seen as the person would not be good enough for the possition. If there where things that was not clear enough the Chinese might not ask questions or question decisions in general to not making the leader loose face. Un the other hand if the leader were Chinese there would be the risk of the Danes asking to many questions and by that make the leader loose face and feel disrespected.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the scores on masculinity it is seen that both United States and China has a high score while Denmark is scoring low. This could have the have influence that a Danish female project manager would have to prove there worth more if the project group was in an area that historically have been considered a "men's job". This will probably mainly been in a group where there are individuals that have this mindset, but it is still worth being aware of. Another thing that can happen for the scores being far apart is how dedicated people are to work together compared to working on individual tasks that is then put together afterwards.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the scores on masculinity it is seen that both United States and China has a high score while Denmark is scoring low. This could have the have influence that a Danish female project manager would have to prove there worth more if the project group was in an area that historically have been considered a "men's job". This will probably mainly been in a group where there are individuals that have this mindset, but it is still worth being aware of. Another thing that can happen for the scores being far apart is how dedicated people are to work together compared to working on individual tasks that is then put together afterwards.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The individualism score is also important to look at since this can have a huge impact on how well the work in the project group is. In high scoring individualism countries like Denmark and United States there is a more straight forward approach to work. It do not matter that much if you have a personal relationship with the people you are working with. The most important is that the job is done in a good way so you can put it on your resume and use it. For countries with a low individualism score it is important to create some kind of relationship, with the people you are working with since it is important to feel like a part of the group.<ref> S.Chevrier, ''Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups", (Journal of World Business — 2003, Volume 38, Issue 2), pp. 141-149 </ref> <ref> L.S. Pheng; C.H.Y Leong, ''Cross-cultural project management for international construction in China'', (International Journal of Project Management — 2000, Volume 18, Issue 5), pp. 307-316</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The individualism score is also important to look at since this can have a huge impact on how well the work in the project group is. In high scoring individualism countries like Denmark and United States there is a more straight forward approach to work. It do not matter that much if you have a personal relationship with the people you are working with. The most important is that the job is done in a good way so you can put it on your resume and use it. For countries with a low individualism score it is important to create some kind of relationship, with the people you are working with since it is important to feel like a part of the group.<ref> S.Chevrier, ''Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups", (Journal of World Business — 2003, Volume 38, Issue 2), pp. 141-149 </ref> <ref> L.S. Pheng; C.H.Y Leong, ''Cross-cultural project management for international construction in China'', (International Journal of Project Management — 2000, Volume 18, Issue 5), pp. 307-316<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ref> <ref> G, Hofstede, ''Cultural dimensions for project management'', (International Journal of Project Management — 1983, Volume 1, Issue 1), pp. 41-48</ins></ref> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Limitations of the tool==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Limitations of the tool==</div></td></tr> </table>

S113430 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management&diff=32245&oldid=prev S113430 at 20:02, 26 September 2016 2016-09-26T20:02:46Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:02, 26 September 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l6">Line 6:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 6:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is not an easy task to manage a project team. There is no "one fit all method" and every project can give new challenges that the leader have never experienced before. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is not an easy task to manage a project team. There is no "one fit all method" and every project can give new challenges that the leader have never experienced before. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even though there are some attributes that are seen as generally good for a project manager like honesty, positivity and being a good communicator, there are also some that in some cultures are seen as good but in others seen as bad. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Even though there are some attributes that are seen as generally good for a project manager like honesty, positivity and being a good communicator, there are also some that in some cultures are seen as good but in others seen as bad.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref> J.Frost; M.Walker, ''Cross cultural leadership'', (Iet Engineering Management — 2007, Volume 17, Issue 3), pp. 27-29 </ref></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A project group will consist of different individuals, which will also have an impact on how the group works, but the scope of this article will not be on that but on a cultural level instead.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A project group will consist of different individuals, which will also have an impact on how <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">well </ins>the group works, but the scope of this article will not be on that but on a cultural level instead.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== The Tool == </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== The Tool == </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l39">Line 39:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at power distance we see that Denmark and China have a big gab while United States are in the middle. This means that a Danish or Chinese manager most likely would have a harder time managing the group compared to an American. The reason for that is that a Danish manager could be seen as weak or bad by asking to many questions to the rest of the group since it would be seen as the person would not be good enough for the possition. If there where things that was not clear enough the Chinese might not ask questions or question decisions in general to not making the leader loose face. Un the other hand if the leader were Chinese there would be the risk of the Danes asking to many questions and by that make the leader loose face and feel disrespected.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at power distance we see that Denmark and China have a big gab while United States are in the middle. This means that a Danish or Chinese manager most likely would have a harder time managing the group compared to an American. The reason for that is that a Danish manager could be seen as weak or bad by asking to many questions to the rest of the group since it would be seen as the person would not be good enough for the possition. If there where things that was not clear enough the Chinese might not ask questions or question decisions in general to not making the leader loose face. Un the other hand if the leader were Chinese there would be the risk of the Danes asking to many questions and by that make the leader loose face and feel disrespected.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the scores on masculinity it is seen that both United States and China has a high score while Denmark is scoring low. This could have the have influence that a Danish female project manager would have to prove there worth more if the project group was in an area that historically have been considered a "men's job". This will probably mainly been in a group where there are individuals that have this mindset, but it is still worth being aware of. Another thing that can happen for the scores being far apart is how dedicated people are to work together compared to working on individual tasks that is then put together afterwards.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the scores on masculinity it is seen that both United States and China has a high score while Denmark is scoring low. This could have the have influence that a Danish female project manager would have to prove there worth more if the project group was in an area that historically have been considered a "men's job". This will probably mainly been in a group where there are individuals that have this mindset, but it is still worth being aware of. Another thing that can happen for the scores being far apart is how dedicated people are to work together compared to working on individual tasks that is then put together afterwards.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The individualism score is also important to look at since this can have a huge impact on how well the work in the project group is. In high scoring individualism countries like Denmark and United States there is a more straight forward approach to work. It do not matter that much if you have a personal relationship with the people you are working with. The most important is that the job is done in a good way so you can put it on your resume and use it. For countries with a low individualism score it is important to create some kind of relationship, with the people you are working with since it is important to feel like a part of the group.<ref> S.Chevrier,''Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups", (Journal of World Business — 2003, Volume 38, Issue 2,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) </del>pp. 141-149 </ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The individualism score is also important to look at since this can have a huge impact on how well the work in the project group is. In high scoring individualism countries like Denmark and United States there is a more straight forward approach to work. It do not matter that much if you have a personal relationship with the people you are working with. The most important is that the job is done in a good way so you can put it on your resume and use it. For countries with a low individualism score it is important to create some kind of relationship, with the people you are working with since it is important to feel like a part of the group.<ref> S.Chevrier, ''Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups", (Journal of World Business — 2003, Volume 38, Issue 2<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</ins>, pp. 141-149 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ref> <ref> L.S. Pheng; C.H.Y Leong, ''Cross-cultural project management for international construction in China'', (International Journal of Project Management — 2000, Volume 18, Issue 5), pp. 307-316</ins></ref> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Limitations of the tool==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Limitations of the tool==</div></td></tr> </table>

S113430 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management&diff=32184&oldid=prev S113430 at 19:55, 26 September 2016 2016-09-26T19:55:44Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:55, 26 September 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l39">Line 39:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at power distance we see that Denmark and China have a big gab while United States are in the middle. This means that a Danish or Chinese manager most likely would have a harder time managing the group compared to an American. The reason for that is that a Danish manager could be seen as weak or bad by asking to many questions to the rest of the group since it would be seen as the person would not be good enough for the possition. If there where things that was not clear enough the Chinese might not ask questions or question decisions in general to not making the leader loose face. Un the other hand if the leader were Chinese there would be the risk of the Danes asking to many questions and by that make the leader loose face and feel disrespected.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at power distance we see that Denmark and China have a big gab while United States are in the middle. This means that a Danish or Chinese manager most likely would have a harder time managing the group compared to an American. The reason for that is that a Danish manager could be seen as weak or bad by asking to many questions to the rest of the group since it would be seen as the person would not be good enough for the possition. If there where things that was not clear enough the Chinese might not ask questions or question decisions in general to not making the leader loose face. Un the other hand if the leader were Chinese there would be the risk of the Danes asking to many questions and by that make the leader loose face and feel disrespected.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the scores on masculinity it is seen that both United States and China has a high score while Denmark is scoring low. This could have the have influence that a Danish female project manager would have to prove there worth more if the project group was in an area that historically have been considered a "men's job". This will probably mainly been in a group where there are individuals that have this mindset, but it is still worth being aware of. Another thing that can happen for the scores being far apart is how dedicated people are to work together compared to working on individual tasks that is then put together afterwards.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Looking at the scores on masculinity it is seen that both United States and China has a high score while Denmark is scoring low. This could have the have influence that a Danish female project manager would have to prove there worth more if the project group was in an area that historically have been considered a "men's job". This will probably mainly been in a group where there are individuals that have this mindset, but it is still worth being aware of. Another thing that can happen for the scores being far apart is how dedicated people are to work together compared to working on individual tasks that is then put together afterwards.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The individualism score is also important to look at since this can have a huge impact on how well the work in the project group is. In high scoring individualism countries like Denmark and United States there is a more straight forward approach to work. It do not matter that much if you have a personal relationship with the people you are working with. The most important is that the job is done in a good way so you can put it on your resume and use it. For countries with a low individualism score it is important to create some kind of relationship, with the people you are working with since it is important to feel like a part of the group. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The individualism score is also important to look at since this can have a huge impact on how well the work in the project group is. In high scoring individualism countries like Denmark and United States there is a more straight forward approach to work. It do not matter that much if you have a personal relationship with the people you are working with. The most important is that the job is done in a good way so you can put it on your resume and use it. For countries with a low individualism score it is important to create some kind of relationship, with the people you are working with since it is important to feel like a part of the group.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref> S.Chevrier,''Cross-cultural management in multinational project groups", (Journal of World Business — 2003, Volume 38, Issue 2,) pp. 141-149 </ref> </ins> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Limitations of the tool==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Limitations of the tool==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l48">Line 48:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 48:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Annotated bibliography==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Annotated bibliography==</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''International business''' From this reference is used chapter 3, "Diffence in culture", that talks a lot about the how differences in culture influence how it is to do business in that country. For this article the main focus have been on the part about Hofstede's cultural dimensions but the chapter also includes parts about religion and spoken versus unspoken language. The scope of the book is more a business point of view instead of a project management view but a lot of the points is still relevant to project management.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''gert-hofstede.com'''</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A webside also called "the hofsted center" that is hosted by culture consultancy, itim International, and the research by Gert Hofstede. It is a platform that gives and overview over the resarch while also offering comparing tools, and is also where the picture is taken from. This have a high relevance for everyone that what to know more about Hofstede's research and is also offering certification courses in intercultural management. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references /></div></td></tr> </table>

S113430 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management&diff=32000&oldid=prev S113430 at 19:23, 26 September 2016 2016-09-26T19:23:08Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:23, 26 September 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l33">Line 33:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 33:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Comparison of cultures ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Comparison of cultures ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:Compare.png|right|thumb|Comparison of dimensions|400px<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </del><ref>Website:https://geert-hofstede.com/united-states.html, visited 25/9-2016 </ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:Compare.png|right|thumb|Comparison of dimensions|400px<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|</ins><ref>Website:https://geert-hofstede.com/united-states.html, visited 25/9-2016 </ref><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the comparison between cultures it has decided to look at Denmark, United States and China. The reason for this is the differences there is between these 3 countries, but also because both United States and China are big markets so there is a good possibility that a danish project manager at some point would end up working with either or both cultures.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the comparison between cultures it has decided to look at Denmark, United States and China. The reason for this is the differences there is between these 3 countries, but also because both United States and China are big markets so there is a good possibility that a danish project manager at some point would end up working with either or both cultures.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The comparison will be used by imagining that the project group is made people from Denmark, United States and China. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The comparison will be used by imagining that the project group is made people from Denmark, United States and China. </div></td></tr> </table>

S113430 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management&diff=31994&oldid=prev S113430 at 19:22, 26 September 2016 2016-09-26T19:22:33Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:22, 26 September 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l33">Line 33:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 33:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Comparison of cultures ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Comparison of cultures ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:Compare.png|right|thumb|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Hofstede</del>|400px]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:Compare.png|right|thumb|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Comparison of dimensions</ins>|400px]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Website:https://geert-hofstede.com/united-states.html, visited 25/9-2016 </ref> </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the comparison between cultures it has decided to look at Denmark, United States and China. The reason for this is the differences there is between these 3 countries, but also because both United States and China are big markets so there is a good possibility that a danish project manager at some point would end up working with either or both cultures.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the comparison between cultures it has decided to look at Denmark, United States and China. The reason for this is the differences there is between these 3 countries, but also because both United States and China are big markets so there is a good possibility that a danish project manager at some point would end up working with either or both cultures.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The comparison will be used by imagining that the project group is made people from Denmark, United States and China. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The comparison will be used by imagining that the project group is made people from Denmark, United States and China. </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l44">Line 44:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The research is more a tool for business culture than a direct project management tool, and it has been criticised for for not differentiating between culture and country even though a country can consists of multiple cultures. The research is based upon data from a single company, and although it was a large multinational company there will still be some similarities across the company since people have the same positions around the world. Lastly it has been criticised to be a bit biased since all of the research group was either european or american and the results correlates well with a “western” view on cultures.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The research is more a tool for business culture than a direct project management tool, and it has been criticised for for not differentiating between culture and country even though a country can consists of multiple cultures. The research is based upon data from a single company, and although it was a large multinational company there will still be some similarities across the company since people have the same positions around the world. Lastly it has been criticised to be a bit biased since all of the research group was either european or american and the results correlates well with a “western” view on cultures.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is also an important point that it is more that 40 years ago that the research was done so the cultures in the different countries for instance due to globalization. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is also an important point that it is more that 40 years ago that the research was done so the cultures in the different countries for instance due to globalization. </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>That being said it can still be good for a project manager that have to manage a cross-cultural project group especially if it consist of people from countries with high difference in scores for the different parameters, or if the manager is to manage a group of from the same country, but one that differ a lot from the manager's own country.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>That being said it can still be good for a project manager that have to manage a cross-cultural project group especially if it consist of people from countries with high difference in scores for the different parameters, or if the manager is to manage a group of from the same country, but one that differ a lot from the manager's own country.</div></td></tr> </table>

S113430 http://13.50.150.85/index.php?title=Challenges_in_cross-cultural_project_management&diff=31985&oldid=prev S113430 at 19:20, 26 September 2016 2016-09-26T19:20:10Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en-GB"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:20, 26 September 2016</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l30">Line 30:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 30:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Indulgence versus restraint===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Indulgence versus restraint===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If a culture scores high in indulgence it means that the culture have a relatively high acceptance of satisfaction of basic and natural human pleasures related to enjoying life and having fun. Cultures that scores low on this is regulated by social norms that regulates this. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If a culture scores high in indulgence it means that the culture have a relatively high acceptance of satisfaction of basic and natural human pleasures related to enjoying life and having fun. Cultures that scores low on this is regulated by social norms that regulates this.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref>Website: https://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html, visited 25/9-2016 </ref> </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Comparison of cultures ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Comparison of cultures ==</div></td></tr> </table>

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