Automated project monitoring methods - Revision history

Tkokotas at 15:32, 16 November 2018

2018-11-16T15:32:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:32, 16 November 2018
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			''Developed by Mehdi Abounnasr''


	==Abstract==		==Abstract==

S176504 at 10:11, 23 February 2018

2018-02-23T10:11:14Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:11, 23 February 2018
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	[[PERT]] is another widely used planning method in project management. Computer programs using PERT to provide effective planning monitoring and control can reschedule a project, monitor the workplan trough an associated supervisor, handle multiples start and end dates and assess the time impact of deviations in the original plan. Such tools provide a better visualization of [[The Critical Path Method in project planning\|the critical path]]. They implement multiples event dates scheduling the project and handle schedule modification when an unexpected event occurs. <ref>Johnson. (1964) [https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.1964.6446402 "PERT/PMD - Project monitoring device"], Ieee Transactions on Engineering Management</ref>		[[PERT]] is another widely used planning method in project management. Computer programs using PERT to provide effective planning monitoring and control can reschedule a project, monitor the workplan trough an associated supervisor, handle multiples start and end dates and assess the time impact of deviations in the original plan. Such tools provide a better visualization of [[The Critical Path Method in project planning\|the critical path]]. They implement multiples event dates scheduling the project and handle schedule modification when an unexpected event occurs. <ref>Johnson. (1964) [https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.1964.6446402 "PERT/PMD - Project monitoring device"], Ieee Transactions on Engineering Management</ref>

	~~===Logical Framework Approach===~~

	~~IN CONSTRUCTION~~

	==Qualitative methods==		==Qualitative methods==

S176504 at 09:12, 20 February 2018

2018-02-20T09:12:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:12, 20 February 2018
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	===Kaban Approach===		===Kaban Approach===

	[[File:Bpmn.PNG\|thumb\|~~200px[~~BPMN development process<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>]]		[[File:Bpmn.PNG\|thumb\|400px\|BPMN development process<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>]]
	[[Kaban approach]] to plan and monitor a project is a scheduling system that allow visualization of workflows and progress of the project. Online Kaban tools developed using [[BPMN\|Business Process Model and Notation]] have therefore been developed as a way to monitor projects. As Kanban include a time dimension it is useful to monitor deadlines and delays. When fragmenting the project in different tasks, the greater the number of small tasks and artefacts, the more effective the monitoring tool will be. However, such a tool is useful to monitor project progress, but can’t monitor individual performances.<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>		[[Kaban approach]] to plan and monitor a project is a scheduling system that allow visualization of workflows and progress of the project. Online Kaban tools developed using [[BPMN\|Business Process Model and Notation]] have therefore been developed as a way to monitor projects. As Kanban include a time dimension it is useful to monitor deadlines and delays. When fragmenting the project in different tasks, the greater the number of small tasks and artefacts, the more effective the monitoring tool will be. However, such a tool is useful to monitor project progress, but can’t monitor individual performances.<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>

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	===Indicators===		===Indicators===

	[[File:indicators.png~~\|thumb\|200px~~\|Examples of indicators evolution in an education project<ref>Biguan M., Craye E. (2000) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/868439/ "Project Monitoring in a Graduate Engineering School"], Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics</ref> ]]		[[File:indicators.png\|Examples of indicators evolution in an education project<ref>Biguan M., Craye E. (2000) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/868439/ "Project Monitoring in a Graduate Engineering School"], Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics</ref> ]]
	In long-term projects, or project without a clearly defined, identifiable or appreciable outcome, monitoring can be done using indicators. An indicator can give a precise or overall, but always customized and thus appropriate information about a project. Several indicators can be issued in the different stages of the project. An indicator can be used to report to a project manager, keep a stakeholder informed with a comprehensive overview or give a precise understanding of certain aspects to a professional. It is designed to give suitable information related to a certain topic while keeping in mind the final objective. Appropriate information is necessary to build it, and it must be calculated in a way to reflect the importance of the different informations and assessments. Information is generally complex and need to be gathered by inspections during project development, and from different reports surveys conducting with workers and/or contractors.<ref>Biguan M., Craye E. (2000) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/868439/ "Project Monitoring in a Graduate Engineering School"], Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics</ref>		In long-term projects, or project without a clearly defined, identifiable or appreciable outcome, monitoring can be done using indicators. An indicator can give a precise or overall, but always customized and thus appropriate information about a project. Several indicators can be issued in the different stages of the project. An indicator can be used to report to a project manager, keep a stakeholder informed with a comprehensive overview or give a precise understanding of certain aspects to a professional. It is designed to give suitable information related to a certain topic while keeping in mind the final objective. Appropriate information is necessary to build it, and it must be calculated in a way to reflect the importance of the different informations and assessments. Information is generally complex and need to be gathered by inspections during project development, and from different reports surveys conducting with workers and/or contractors.<ref>Biguan M., Craye E. (2000) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/868439/ "Project Monitoring in a Graduate Engineering School"], Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics</ref>

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	===Report data mining===		===Report data mining===

	[[File:recognition.png\|thumb\|~~200px~~\|System architecture for textual entailment recognition<ref>Chang Y.C., Shih C.W., Hsu W.L. (2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7882696/ "Entailment-Based Intelligent System for Software Project Monitoring and Control"], Ieee Systems Journal</ref> ]]		[[File:recognition.png\|thumb\|400px\|System architecture for textual entailment recognition<ref>Chang Y.C., Shih C.W., Hsu W.L. (2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7882696/ "Entailment-Based Intelligent System for Software Project Monitoring and Control"], Ieee Systems Journal</ref> ]]
	As said before, most project management methods, such as Earned value management-based methods require the production and evaluation of long and complex periodically written reports. However, analysing those reports take time and ressources, and conclusions are not easily reachable because written language is hard to quantify. That's why tests have been made to develop text mining methods. It uses language processing techniques in order to automatically evaluate the level of project completion from text reports. The ability to recognize textual entailment in progress reports can allow the manager to evaluate the performance of project members while reducing costs and workload.<ref>Chang Y.C., Shih C.W., Hsu W.L. (2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7882696/ "Entailment-Based Intelligent System for Software Project Monitoring and Control"], Ieee Systems Journal</ref>		As said before, most project management methods, such as Earned value management-based methods require the production and evaluation of long and complex periodically written reports. However, analysing those reports take time and ressources, and conclusions are not easily reachable because written language is hard to quantify. That's why tests have been made to develop text mining methods. It uses language processing techniques in order to automatically evaluate the level of project completion from text reports. The ability to recognize textual entailment in progress reports can allow the manager to evaluate the performance of project members while reducing costs and workload.<ref>Chang Y.C., Shih C.W., Hsu W.L. (2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7882696/ "Entailment-Based Intelligent System for Software Project Monitoring and Control"], Ieee Systems Journal</ref>

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	==Quantitative methods==		==Quantitative methods==

	[[File:database.png\|thumb\|~~200px~~\|Database framework for monitoring & control<ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref>]]		[[File:database.png\|thumb\|400px\|Database framework for monitoring & control<ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref>]]
	Classic monitoring methods are labour intensive, infrequent and can incur errors. When finding deviations from the planned performance, it’s often too late to take the appropriate control measures. <ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref> . However, available and cheap technologies allowed a drive in developing automated monitoring methods based on gathering as much data as possible.		Classic monitoring methods are labour intensive, infrequent and can incur errors. When finding deviations from the planned performance, it’s often too late to take the appropriate control measures. <ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref> . However, available and cheap technologies allowed a drive in developing automated monitoring methods based on gathering as much data as possible.

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	====Data mining====		====Data mining====

	[[File:clusters.png\|thumb\|~~200px~~\|Clusters of delayed projects in a construction activity<ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>]]		[[File:clusters.png\|thumb\|400px\|Clusters of delayed projects in a construction activity<ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>]]
	As an example of automatic processing data technique Learning Vector Quantization can be used with data mining in order to create clusters of project data and creating a visual overview where it is possible to identify disparities in different project stages or areas. <ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>		As an example of automatic processing data technique Learning Vector Quantization can be used with data mining in order to create clusters of project data and creating a visual overview where it is possible to identify disparities in different project stages or areas. <ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>

S176504 at 09:05, 20 February 2018

2018-02-20T09:05:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:05, 20 February 2018
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	===Kaban Approach===		===Kaban Approach===

	[[File:Bpmn.PNG\|thumb\|BPMN development process<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>]]		[[File:Bpmn.PNG\|thumb\|200px[BPMN development process<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>]]
	[[Kaban approach]] to plan and monitor a project is a scheduling system that allow visualization of workflows and progress of the project. Online Kaban tools developed using [[BPMN\|Business Process Model and Notation]] have therefore been developed as a way to monitor projects. As Kanban include a time dimension it is useful to monitor deadlines and delays. When fragmenting the project in different tasks, the greater the number of small tasks and artefacts, the more effective the monitoring tool will be. However, such a tool is useful to monitor project progress, but can’t monitor individual performances.<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>		[[Kaban approach]] to plan and monitor a project is a scheduling system that allow visualization of workflows and progress of the project. Online Kaban tools developed using [[BPMN\|Business Process Model and Notation]] have therefore been developed as a way to monitor projects. As Kanban include a time dimension it is useful to monitor deadlines and delays. When fragmenting the project in different tasks, the greater the number of small tasks and artefacts, the more effective the monitoring tool will be. However, such a tool is useful to monitor project progress, but can’t monitor individual performances.<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>

Line 53:		Line 53:
	===Indicators===		===Indicators===

	[[File:indicators.png\|thumb\|Examples of indicators evolution in an education project<ref>Biguan M., Craye E. (2000) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/868439/ "Project Monitoring in a Graduate Engineering School"], Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics</ref> ]]		[[File:indicators.png\|thumb\|200px\|Examples of indicators evolution in an education project<ref>Biguan M., Craye E. (2000) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/868439/ "Project Monitoring in a Graduate Engineering School"], Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics</ref> ]]
	In long-term projects, or project without a clearly defined, identifiable or appreciable outcome, monitoring can be done using indicators. An indicator can give a precise or overall, but always customized and thus appropriate information about a project. Several indicators can be issued in the different stages of the project. An indicator can be used to report to a project manager, keep a stakeholder informed with a comprehensive overview or give a precise understanding of certain aspects to a professional. It is designed to give suitable information related to a certain topic while keeping in mind the final objective. Appropriate information is necessary to build it, and it must be calculated in a way to reflect the importance of the different informations and assessments. Information is generally complex and need to be gathered by inspections during project development, and from different reports surveys conducting with workers and/or contractors.<ref>Biguan M., Craye E. (2000) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/868439/ "Project Monitoring in a Graduate Engineering School"], Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics</ref>		In long-term projects, or project without a clearly defined, identifiable or appreciable outcome, monitoring can be done using indicators. An indicator can give a precise or overall, but always customized and thus appropriate information about a project. Several indicators can be issued in the different stages of the project. An indicator can be used to report to a project manager, keep a stakeholder informed with a comprehensive overview or give a precise understanding of certain aspects to a professional. It is designed to give suitable information related to a certain topic while keeping in mind the final objective. Appropriate information is necessary to build it, and it must be calculated in a way to reflect the importance of the different informations and assessments. Information is generally complex and need to be gathered by inspections during project development, and from different reports surveys conducting with workers and/or contractors.<ref>Biguan M., Craye E. (2000) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/868439/ "Project Monitoring in a Graduate Engineering School"], Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics</ref>

Line 61:		Line 61:
	===Report data mining===		===Report data mining===

	[[File:recognition.png\|thumb\|System architecture for textual entailment recognition<ref>Chang Y.C., Shih C.W., Hsu W.L. (2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7882696/ "Entailment-Based Intelligent System for Software Project Monitoring and Control"], Ieee Systems Journal</ref> ]]		[[File:recognition.png\|thumb\|200px\|System architecture for textual entailment recognition<ref>Chang Y.C., Shih C.W., Hsu W.L. (2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7882696/ "Entailment-Based Intelligent System for Software Project Monitoring and Control"], Ieee Systems Journal</ref> ]]
	As said before, most project management methods, such as Earned value management-based methods require the production and evaluation of long and complex periodically written reports. However, analysing those reports take time and ressources, and conclusions are not easily reachable because written language is hard to quantify. That's why tests have been made to develop text mining methods. It uses language processing techniques in order to automatically evaluate the level of project completion from text reports. The ability to recognize textual entailment in progress reports can allow the manager to evaluate the performance of project members while reducing costs and workload.<ref>Chang Y.C., Shih C.W., Hsu W.L. (2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7882696/ "Entailment-Based Intelligent System for Software Project Monitoring and Control"], Ieee Systems Journal</ref>		As said before, most project management methods, such as Earned value management-based methods require the production and evaluation of long and complex periodically written reports. However, analysing those reports take time and ressources, and conclusions are not easily reachable because written language is hard to quantify. That's why tests have been made to develop text mining methods. It uses language processing techniques in order to automatically evaluate the level of project completion from text reports. The ability to recognize textual entailment in progress reports can allow the manager to evaluate the performance of project members while reducing costs and workload.<ref>Chang Y.C., Shih C.W., Hsu W.L. (2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7882696/ "Entailment-Based Intelligent System for Software Project Monitoring and Control"], Ieee Systems Journal</ref>

Line 68:		Line 68:
	==Quantitative methods==		==Quantitative methods==

	[[File:database.png\|thumb\|Database framework for monitoring & control<ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref>]]		[[File:database.png\|thumb\|200px\|Database framework for monitoring & control<ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref>]]
	Classic monitoring methods are labour intensive, infrequent and can incur errors. When finding deviations from the planned performance, it’s often too late to take the appropriate control measures. <ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref> . However, available and cheap technologies allowed a drive in developing automated monitoring methods based on gathering as much data as possible.		Classic monitoring methods are labour intensive, infrequent and can incur errors. When finding deviations from the planned performance, it’s often too late to take the appropriate control measures. <ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref> . However, available and cheap technologies allowed a drive in developing automated monitoring methods based on gathering as much data as possible.

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	====Data mining====		====Data mining====

	[[File:clusters.png\|thumb\|Clusters of delayed projects in a construction activity<ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>]]		[[File:clusters.png\|thumb\|200px\|Clusters of delayed projects in a construction activity<ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>]]
	As an example of automatic processing data technique Learning Vector Quantization can be used with data mining in order to create clusters of project data and creating a visual overview where it is possible to identify disparities in different project stages or areas. <ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>		As an example of automatic processing data technique Learning Vector Quantization can be used with data mining in order to create clusters of project data and creating a visual overview where it is possible to identify disparities in different project stages or areas. <ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>

S176504 at 08:56, 20 February 2018

2018-02-20T08:56:12Z

Show changes

S176504 at 20:02, 18 February 2018

2018-02-18T20:02:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 18 February 2018
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	Monitoring is a part of monitor and [[Project Control\|control]] (M&E), an essential part in a project. Monitoring is collecting data to identify deviations in the planned project, in its scope, its budget, its schedule, the quality of work, the impact, the stakeholder’s requirements... [[Project Control\|Control]] is taking corrective actions, following those deviations, in order to keep the project in track. Both actions are necessary to each other as monitoring without control would be useless, and control need a monitoring activity.<ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref>		Monitoring is a part of monitor and [[Project Control\|control]] (M&E), an essential part in a project. Monitoring is collecting data to identify deviations in the planned project, in its scope, its budget, its schedule, the quality of work, the impact, the stakeholder’s requirements... [[Project Control\|Control]] is taking corrective actions, following those deviations, in order to keep the project in track. Both actions are necessary to each other as monitoring without control would be useless, and control need a monitoring activity.<ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref>

			[[File:msoftwares.png\|thumb\|Software tools used by US construction firms<ref>Peterson, F, Fischer, M(2009) [https://purl.stanford.edu/nc730zm7783 "Project Monitoring Methods Exploratory Case Analysis: Industry Responses"], CIFE</ref>]]
	While this article develops a certain emphasis on new informatic monitoring methods, it is important to keep in mind those recently developed tools aren’t yet widely used in the industry. It is understood due to a sector affinity that they are more used in software programming, while in USA’s construction projects 50% to 75% of professionals don’t use any software beside Microsoft office to monitor projects. <ref>Peterson, F, Fischer, M(2009) [https://purl.stanford.edu/nc730zm7783 "Project Monitoring Methods Exploratory Case Analysis: Industry Responses"], CIFE</ref>		While this article develops a certain emphasis on new informatic monitoring methods, it is important to keep in mind those recently developed tools aren’t yet widely used in the industry. It is understood due to a sector affinity that they are more used in software programming, while in USA’s construction projects 50% to 75% of professionals don’t use any software beside Microsoft office to monitor projects. <ref>Peterson, F, Fischer, M(2009) [https://purl.stanford.edu/nc730zm7783 "Project Monitoring Methods Exploratory Case Analysis: Industry Responses"], CIFE</ref>

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	===Logical Framework Approach===		===Logical Framework Approach===

			IN CONSTRUCTION

	==Qualitative methods==		==Qualitative methods==
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	====Barcodes and RFID====		====Barcodes and RFID====

			[[File:mtools.png\|thumb\|Data collection tools used by US construction firms<ref>Peterson, F, Fischer, M(2009) [https://purl.stanford.edu/nc730zm7783 "Project Monitoring Methods Exploratory Case Analysis: Industry Responses"], CIFE</ref>]]
	Barcodes and RFID tags can also be used, in part of a broader organisation possibly involving operators and contractors. If possible, the systematic scan of a barcode/RFID tag on a project’s resource or raw material every time a stage of the project involving it, can easily be used to create a comprehensible overview of the project advancement, breakdown in multiples tasks. The use of such a system allow the breakdown of a project in the biggest possible number of small tasks without requiring more work to monitor each of these, as monitoring is done automatically, thus allowing a better viewing, and an effective control.<ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref>		Barcodes and RFID tags can also be used, in part of a broader organisation possibly involving operators and contractors. If possible, the systematic scan of a barcode/RFID tag on a project’s resource or raw material every time a stage of the project involving it, can easily be used to create a comprehensible overview of the project advancement, breakdown in multiples tasks. The use of such a system allow the breakdown of a project in the biggest possible number of small tasks without requiring more work to monitor each of these, as monitoring is done automatically, thus allowing a better viewing, and an effective control.<ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref>

S176504 at 19:54, 18 February 2018

2018-02-18T19:54:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:54, 18 February 2018
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	===Indicators===		===Indicators===

			[[File:indicators.png\|thumb\|Examples of indicators evolution in an education project<ref>Biguan M., Craye E. (2000) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/868439/ "Project Monitoring in a Graduate Engineering School"], Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics</ref> ]]
	In long-term projects, or project without a clearly defined, identifiable or appreciable outcome, monitoring can be done using indicators. An indicator can give a precise or overall, but always customized and thus appropriate information about a project. Several indicators can be issued in the different stages of the project. An indicator can be used to report keep a stakeholder informed with a comprehensive overview or give a precise understanding of certain aspects to a manager. It is designed to give suitable information related to a certain topic, keeping in mind the objective, what appropriate information can be determined necessary to build it, and it must be calculated in a way to reflect the importance of the different information and assessments. Information is generally complex enough to be gathered by inspections during project development, and from different reports surveys conducting with workers and/or contractors.<ref>Biguan M., Craye E. (2000) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/868439/ "Project Monitoring in a Graduate Engineering School"], Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics</ref>		In long-term projects, or project without a clearly defined, identifiable or appreciable outcome, monitoring can be done using indicators. An indicator can give a precise or overall, but always customized and thus appropriate information about a project. Several indicators can be issued in the different stages of the project. An indicator can be used to report keep a stakeholder informed with a comprehensive overview or give a precise understanding of certain aspects to a manager. It is designed to give suitable information related to a certain topic, keeping in mind the objective, what appropriate information can be determined necessary to build it, and it must be calculated in a way to reflect the importance of the different information and assessments. Information is generally complex enough to be gathered by inspections during project development, and from different reports surveys conducting with workers and/or contractors.<ref>Biguan M., Craye E. (2000) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/868439/ "Project Monitoring in a Graduate Engineering School"], Ieee Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics</ref>

Line 51:		Line 52:
	===Report data mining===		===Report data mining===

			[[File:recognition.png\|thumb\|System architecture for textual entailment recognition<ref>Chang Y.C., Shih C.W., Hsu W.L. (2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7882696/ "Entailment-Based Intelligent System for Software Project Monitoring and Control"], Ieee Systems Journal</ref> ]]
	As said before, most project management methods, such as Earned value management-based methods require the production and evaluation of long and complex periodically written reports. However, analysing those reports take time, and conclusions are not easily reachable because written language is hard to quantify. That why tests have been made to develop text mining methods. It uses language processing techniques in order to evaluate the level of project completion. The ability to recognize textual entailment in progress reports can allow the manager to evaluate the performance of project members while reducing costs and workload.<ref>Chang Y.C., Shih C.W., Hsu W.L. (2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7882696/ "Entailment-Based Intelligent System for Software Project Monitoring and Control"], Ieee Systems Journal</ref>		As said before, most project management methods, such as Earned value management-based methods require the production and evaluation of long and complex periodically written reports. However, analysing those reports take time, and conclusions are not easily reachable because written language is hard to quantify. That why tests have been made to develop text mining methods. It uses language processing techniques in order to evaluate the level of project completion. The ability to recognize textual entailment in progress reports can allow the manager to evaluate the performance of project members while reducing costs and workload.<ref>Chang Y.C., Shih C.W., Hsu W.L. (2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7882696/ "Entailment-Based Intelligent System for Software Project Monitoring and Control"], Ieee Systems Journal</ref>

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	====Data mining====		====Data mining====

	[[File:~~recognition~~.png\|thumb\|~~System architecture for textual entailment recognition~~<ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>]]		[[File:clusters.png\|thumb\|Clusters of delayed projects in a construction activity<ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>]]
	As an example of automatic processing data technique Learning Vector Quantization can be used with data mining in order to create clusters of project data and creating a visual overview where it is possible to identify disparities in different project stages or areas. <ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>		As an example of automatic processing data technique Learning Vector Quantization can be used with data mining in order to create clusters of project data and creating a visual overview where it is possible to identify disparities in different project stages or areas. <ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>

S176504 at 19:47, 18 February 2018

2018-02-18T19:47:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:47, 18 February 2018
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	===Kaban Approach===		===Kaban Approach===

	[[File:~~bpmn~~.~~jpg~~\|thumb\|BPMN development process]]		[[File:Bpmn.PNG\|thumb\|BPMN development process<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>]]
	[[Kaban approach]] to plan and monitor a project is a scheduling system that allow visualization of workflows and progress of the project. Online Kaban tools developed using [[BPMN\|Business Process Model and Notation]] have therefore been developed as a way to monitor projects. As Kanban include a time dimension it is useful to monitor deadlines and delays. When fragmenting the project in different tasks, the greater the number of small tasks and artefacts, the more effective the monitoring tool will be. However, such a tool is useful to monitor project progress, but can’t monitor individual performances.<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>		[[Kaban approach]] to plan and monitor a project is a scheduling system that allow visualization of workflows and progress of the project. Online Kaban tools developed using [[BPMN\|Business Process Model and Notation]] have therefore been developed as a way to monitor projects. As Kanban include a time dimension it is useful to monitor deadlines and delays. When fragmenting the project in different tasks, the greater the number of small tasks and artefacts, the more effective the monitoring tool will be. However, such a tool is useful to monitor project progress, but can’t monitor individual performances.<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>

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	==Quantitative methods==		==Quantitative methods==

			[[File:database.png\|thumb\|Database framework for monitoring & control<ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref>]]
	Classic monitoring methods, followed manually, are labour intensive, infrequent and can incur errors. When it finds deviations from the planned performance, it’s often too late to allow the best control. <ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref> . Those flows and available technologies allowed a drive in developing automated monitoring methods based on gathering as much data as possible.		Classic monitoring methods, followed manually, are labour intensive, infrequent and can incur errors. When it finds deviations from the planned performance, it’s often too late to allow the best control. <ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref> . Those flows and available technologies allowed a drive in developing automated monitoring methods based on gathering as much data as possible.

	~~===Automated mass data collection===~~

	====GPS and sensors====		====GPS and sensors====
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	====Data mining====		====Data mining====

	As an example of automatic processing data technique Learning Vector Quantization can be used with data mining in order to create clusters of project data and creating a visual overview where it is possible to identify disparities in different project stages or areas. ~~[ ]~~<ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>		[[File:recognition.png\|thumb\|System architecture for textual entailment recognition<ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>]]
			As an example of automatic processing data technique Learning Vector Quantization can be used with data mining in order to create clusters of project data and creating a visual overview where it is possible to identify disparities in different project stages or areas. <ref>Riaz M. N., Husain S. A. (2012) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6511501/ "Intelligent Decision Support System for Construction Project Monitoring"], 15th IEEE International Multitopic Conference</ref>

	====Limitations====		====Limitations====

S176504 at 19:39, 18 February 2018

2018-02-18T19:39:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:39, 18 February 2018
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	===Kaban Approach===		===Kaban Approach===

	[[Kaban approach]] to plan and monitor a project is a scheduling system that allow visualization of workflows and progress of the project. Online Kaban tools developed using Business Process Model and Notation have therefore been developed as a way to monitor projects. As Kanban include a time dimension it is useful to monitor deadlines and delays. When fragmenting the project in different tasks, the greater the number of small tasks and artefacts, the more effective the monitoring tool will be. However, such a tool is useful to monitor project progress, but can’t monitor individual performances.<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>		[[File:bpmn.jpg\|thumb\|BPMN development process]]
			[[Kaban approach]] to plan and monitor a project is a scheduling system that allow visualization of workflows and progress of the project. Online Kaban tools developed using [[BPMN\|Business Process Model and Notation]] have therefore been developed as a way to monitor projects. As Kanban include a time dimension it is useful to monitor deadlines and delays. When fragmenting the project in different tasks, the greater the number of small tasks and artefacts, the more effective the monitoring tool will be. However, such a tool is useful to monitor project progress, but can’t monitor individual performances.<ref>Miura Machado, Heydi, Alexandre L'Erario, Alessandro Duarte.(2017) [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8190478/?reload=true "An analysis of Kanban as a project monitoring tool in undergraduate courses"], Ieee Frontiers in Education Conference (fie)</ref>

	===PERT===		===PERT===

	[[PERT]] is yet another widely used planning method in project management. Computer programs using PERT to provide effective planning monitoring and control can reschedule a project, monitor the workplan trough an associated supervisor, handle multiples start and end dates and assess the time impact of deviations in the original plan. Such tools provide a better visualization of [[The Critical Path Method in project planning\|the critical path]] and different event dates scheduling the project with PERT and handle its modification when an unexpected event occurs. <ref>Johnson. (1964) [https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.1964.6446402 "PERT/PMD - Project monitoring device"], Ieee Transactions on Engineering Management</ref>		[[PERT]] is yet another widely used planning method in project management. Computer programs using PERT to provide effective planning monitoring and control can reschedule a project, monitor the workplan trough an associated supervisor, handle multiples start and end dates and assess the time impact of deviations in the original plan. Such tools provide a better visualization of [[The Critical Path Method in project planning\|the critical path]] and different event dates scheduling the project with PERT and handle its modification when an unexpected event occurs. <ref>Johnson. (1964) [https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.1964.6446402 "PERT/PMD - Project monitoring device"], Ieee Transactions on Engineering Management</ref>

			===Logical Framework Approach===

	==Qualitative methods==		==Qualitative methods==

S176504 at 19:25, 18 February 2018

2018-02-18T19:25:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:25, 18 February 2018
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	==Monitoring in project managment==		==Monitoring in project managment==

	Monitoring is a part of monitor and ~~CONTROL~~ (M&E), an essential part in a project. Monitoring is collecting data to identify deviations in the planned project, in its scope, its budget, its schedule, the quality of work, the impact, the stakeholder’s ~~requirements…~~ Control is taking corrective actions, following those deviations, in order to keep the project in track. Both actions are necessary to each other as monitoring without control would be useless, and control need a monitoring activity.<ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref>		Monitoring is a part of monitor and [[Project Control\|control]] (M&E), an essential part in a project. Monitoring is collecting data to identify deviations in the planned project, in its scope, its budget, its schedule, the quality of work, the impact, the stakeholder’s requirements... [[Project Control\|Control]] is taking corrective actions, following those deviations, in order to keep the project in track. Both actions are necessary to each other as monitoring without control would be useless, and control need a monitoring activity.<ref>Isaac, Shabtai, and Ronie Navon.(2014) [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01446193.2013.795653 "Can Project Monitoring and Control Be Fully Automated?"], Construction Management and Economics</ref>

	While this article develops a certain emphasis on new informatic monitoring methods, it is important to keep in mind those recently developed tools aren’t yet widely used in the industry. It is understood due to a sector affinity that they are more used in software programming, while in USA’s construction projects 50% to 75% of professionals don’t use any software beside Microsoft office to monitor projects. <ref>Peterson, F, Fischer, M(2009) [https://purl.stanford.edu/nc730zm7783 "Project Monitoring Methods Exploratory Case Analysis: Industry Responses"], CIFE</ref>		While this article develops a certain emphasis on new informatic monitoring methods, it is important to keep in mind those recently developed tools aren’t yet widely used in the industry. It is understood due to a sector affinity that they are more used in software programming, while in USA’s construction projects 50% to 75% of professionals don’t use any software beside Microsoft office to monitor projects. <ref>Peterson, F, Fischer, M(2009) [https://purl.stanford.edu/nc730zm7783 "Project Monitoring Methods Exploratory Case Analysis: Industry Responses"], CIFE</ref>
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	===PERT===		===PERT===

	[[PERT]] is yet another widely used planning method in project management. Computer programs using PERT to provide effective planning monitoring and control can reschedule a project, monitor the workplan trough an associated supervisor, handle multiples start and end dates and assess the time impact of deviations in the original plan. Such tools provide a better visualization of the critical path and different event dates scheduling the project with PERT and handle its modification when an unexpected event occurs. <ref>Johnson. (1964) [https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.1964.6446402 "PERT/PMD - Project monitoring device"], Ieee Transactions on Engineering Management</ref>		[[PERT]] is yet another widely used planning method in project management. Computer programs using PERT to provide effective planning monitoring and control can reschedule a project, monitor the workplan trough an associated supervisor, handle multiples start and end dates and assess the time impact of deviations in the original plan. Such tools provide a better visualization of [[The Critical Path Method in project planning\|the critical path]] and different event dates scheduling the project with PERT and handle its modification when an unexpected event occurs. <ref>Johnson. (1964) [https://doi.org/10.1109/TEM.1964.6446402 "PERT/PMD - Project monitoring device"], Ieee Transactions on Engineering Management</ref>

	==Qualitative methods==		==Qualitative methods==