4D-Planning in Construction Management - Revision history

Tkokotas at 19:21, 20 November 2018

2018-11-20T19:21:09Z

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			''Developed by Alexandra Darmaraki''


	'''4D-Planning in construction management''' is a method of visualizing the schedule <ref name="Winch">Winch, G. M. (2010), "''Managing Construction projects''". Second edition</ref>. This method is based on <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_information_modeling Building information modeling]</span> (BIM) which is a process that came to revolutionize the work -flow of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry. The fourth dimension of BIM focuses on linking the 3D geometrical models with time and scheduling. The visualization of the schedule using 4D planning methods if combined with other scheduling methods facilitates communication and decision making throughout planning and construction phase. The opportunities of 4D planning also improve procurement management and spatial constrains reinforcing and supplement the location-based scheduling. Another approach that gains more and more ground is the linkage of 4D BIM with the [[Lean construction]] practices <ref name="BIM"> Eastman C., Teichholz P. Sacks R. and K. Liston (2011). "''BIM Handbook''". Second		'''4D-Planning in construction management''' is a method of visualizing the schedule <ref name="Winch">Winch, G. M. (2010), "''Managing Construction projects''". Second edition</ref>. This method is based on <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_information_modeling Building information modeling]</span> (BIM) which is a process that came to revolutionize the work -flow of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) Industry. The fourth dimension of BIM focuses on linking the 3D geometrical models with time and scheduling. The visualization of the schedule using 4D planning methods if combined with other scheduling methods facilitates communication and decision making throughout planning and construction phase. The opportunities of 4D planning also improve procurement management and spatial constrains reinforcing and supplement the location-based scheduling. Another approach that gains more and more ground is the linkage of 4D BIM with the [[Lean construction]] practices <ref name="BIM"> Eastman C., Teichholz P. Sacks R. and K. Liston (2011). "''BIM Handbook''". Second
	edition, John Wiley Sons, Inc. United States of America"</ref>. This article investigates the values and benefits that 4D Planning intends to create simultaneously with the barriers and constrains that need to be addressed to minimize the cost and time of construction projects and maximize the benefits and effectiveness; how 4D planning supports some of the most common scheduling practices is also a matter of interest.		edition, John Wiley Sons, Inc. United States of America"</ref>. This article investigates the values and benefits that 4D Planning intends to create simultaneously with the barriers and constrains that need to be addressed to minimize the cost and time of construction projects and maximize the benefits and effectiveness; how 4D planning supports some of the most common scheduling practices is also a matter of interest.

Alexandra Darmaraki: Undo revision 39263 by Alexandra Darmaraki (talk)

2017-09-19T18:15:39Z

Undo revision 39263 by Alexandra Darmaraki (talk)

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:15, 19 September 2017
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	edition, John Wiley Sons, Inc. United States of America"</ref>. This article investigates the values and benefits that 4D Planning intends to create simultaneously with the barriers and constrains that need to be addressed to minimize the cost and time of construction projects and maximize the benefits and effectiveness; how 4D planning supports some of the most common scheduling practices is also a matter of interest.		edition, John Wiley Sons, Inc. United States of America"</ref>. This article investigates the values and benefits that 4D Planning intends to create simultaneously with the barriers and constrains that need to be addressed to minimize the cost and time of construction projects and maximize the benefits and effectiveness; how 4D planning supports some of the most common scheduling practices is also a matter of interest.

	{{#ev:youtube\|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz6JK6_ZtGA\|300\|right\|'''Video 1:'''~~Introduction to Scenario Planning~~?.\|frame}}		{{#ev:youtube\|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz6JK6_ZtGA\|300\|right\|'''Video 1:'''What is 4D-BIM?.\|frame}}

	=Framework=		=Framework=

Alexandra Darmaraki at 18:15, 19 September 2017

2017-09-19T18:15:01Z

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	edition, John Wiley Sons, Inc. United States of America"</ref>. This article investigates the values and benefits that 4D Planning intends to create simultaneously with the barriers and constrains that need to be addressed to minimize the cost and time of construction projects and maximize the benefits and effectiveness; how 4D planning supports some of the most common scheduling practices is also a matter of interest.		edition, John Wiley Sons, Inc. United States of America"</ref>. This article investigates the values and benefits that 4D Planning intends to create simultaneously with the barriers and constrains that need to be addressed to minimize the cost and time of construction projects and maximize the benefits and effectiveness; how 4D planning supports some of the most common scheduling practices is also a matter of interest.

	{{#ev:youtube\|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz6JK6_ZtGA\|300\|right\|'''Video 1:'''~~What is 4D-BIM~~?.\|frame}}		{{#ev:youtube\|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sz6JK6_ZtGA\|300\|right\|'''Video 1:'''Introduction to Scenario Planning?.\|frame}}

	=Framework=		=Framework=

Alexandra Darmaraki: /* Reflection */

2017-06-21T21:24:36Z

Reflection

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	=Reflection=		=Reflection=

	Summarizing the aforementioned, BIM came to revolutionize the work-flow in the AEC Industry and Time Management is part of it. Through the implementation of standards and specifications the process can smoothly developed and the final product will be a provision of high quality services to the client. 4D Planning, optimizes the way of communication, contributing to an insight understanding of the schedule through simulations for all the different parties involved. The significant advantage is the ability to examine what-if scenarios of different sequence of activities and choose the most appropriate one. Furthermore, the efficient creation of a project schedule utilizing 4D BIM, affects the total cost and time of execution of the project, improves the time needed for decision making and collaboration, enhances site and safety management, procurement and resolve conflicts and clashes while the planners have the visual advantage to identify inconsistencies and errors in the time schedule easier. The linkage with the other scheduling practices creates an effective combination that reinforces the planning process and may achieves the maximum ~~clients~~ satisfaction.		Summarizing the aforementioned, BIM came to revolutionize the work-flow in the AEC Industry and Time Management is part of it. Through the implementation of standards and specifications the process can smoothly developed and the final product will be a provision of high quality services to the client. 4D Planning, optimizes the way of communication, contributing to an insight understanding of the schedule through simulations for all the different parties involved. The significant advantage is the ability to examine what-if scenarios of different sequence of activities and choose the most appropriate one. Furthermore, the efficient creation of a project schedule utilizing 4D BIM, affects the total cost and time of execution of the project, improves the time needed for decision making and collaboration, enhances site and safety management, procurement and resolve conflicts and clashes while the planners have the visual advantage to identify inconsistencies and errors in the time schedule easier. The linkage with the other scheduling practices creates an effective combination that reinforces the planning process and may achieves the maximum client's satisfaction.

	Currently, this visualization method is still at the early phase of adoption since the barriers and challenges regrading cost of implementation, competent staff, lack of integrated models, and these are only some of the argues, make managers to hesitate about it. Further investigation needs to be made and people should be convinced about the positive impacts on this field.		Currently, this visualization method is still at the early phase of adoption since the barriers and challenges regrading cost of implementation, competent staff, lack of integrated models, and these are only some of the argues, make managers to hesitate about it. Further investigation needs to be made and people should be convinced about the positive impacts on this field.

Alexandra Darmaraki: /* Location-Based Scheduling */

2017-06-21T21:23:50Z

Location-Based Scheduling

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	===Location-Based Scheduling===		===Location-Based Scheduling===

	[[Location Based Scheduling]] (LBS), is a location-based technique of scheduling and planning the workflow in construction projects<ref name="LBS">Jongeling, R. & Olofsson, T (2006). ''A method for planning of work-flow by combined use of location-based scheduling and 4D CAD''. Luleå University of Technology.</ref>. It is considered a promising alternative to activity-based scheduling method, such as CPM, combining the time of an activity with the location that this activity is expected to take place. Different techniques of LBS already exists, such as ‘Line-of-Balance’, ‘Flowline’, ‘Construction Planning ~~Technique’etc~~. but their use ~~remain~~ limited.		[[Location Based Scheduling]] (LBS), is a location-based technique of scheduling and planning the workflow in construction projects<ref name="LBS">Jongeling, R. & Olofsson, T (2006). ''A method for planning of work-flow by combined use of location-based scheduling and 4D CAD''. Luleå University of Technology.</ref>. It is considered a promising alternative to activity-based scheduling method, such as CPM, combining the time of an activity with the location that this activity is expected to take place. Different techniques of LBS already exists, such as ‘Line-of-Balance’, ‘Flowline’, ‘Construction Planning Techniques’etc. but their use remains limited.

	Research revealed that the value of LBS, can be reinforced, implementing the 4D oriented planning approach. 4D-models offer a spatial insight in planning of construction activities that cannot be achieved for instance, if 2D drawings combined with the the LBS method <ref name="LBS"></ref>. The sequences of construction activities can be analyzed, taking into account the work crews, reducing time, conflicts and location inaccessibility<ref name="autodesk"></ref>. Considering that LBS requires a location break down, which is a quite challenging process especially in large and complex projects, 4D simulation can identify the overlapping, in several locations,of the building elements <ref name="LBS"></ref>. However, the successful application of this combined method is demanding, as the different parties have to early decide and agreed in a location decomposition and the building elements need to be designed in pieces following the real-time construction process <ref name="autodesk"></ref>. Last but not least, <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5D_BIM 5D BIM]</span> can be incorporated for quantities take off, creating a complete overview of the project. Figure 5, shows an overview of the described integrated process as captured from VICO software.		Research revealed that the value of LBS, can be reinforced, implementing the 4D oriented planning approach. 4D-models offer a spatial insight in planning of construction activities that cannot be achieved for instance, if 2D drawings combined with the the LBS method <ref name="LBS"></ref>. The sequences of construction activities can be analyzed, taking into account the work crews, reducing time, conflicts and location inaccessibility<ref name="autodesk"></ref>. Considering that LBS requires a location break down, which is a quite challenging process especially in large and complex projects, 4D simulation can identify the overlapping, in several locations,of the building elements <ref name="LBS"></ref>. However, the successful application of this combined method is demanding, as the different parties have to early decide and agreed in a location decomposition and the building elements need to be designed in pieces following the real-time construction process <ref name="autodesk"></ref>. Last but not least, <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5D_BIM 5D BIM]</span> can be incorporated for quantities take off, creating a complete overview of the project. Figure 5, shows an overview of the described integrated process as captured from VICO software.

Alexandra Darmaraki: /* Challenges and Barriers */

2017-06-21T21:22:04Z

Challenges and Barriers

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	==Challenges and Barriers==		==Challenges and Barriers==
	As in every breakthrough there are challenges that need to be addressed in order to achieve a successful implementation. One of the most important prerequisites is the initial investment cost that is required. The ~~set up~~ of 4D-planning considered a relatively expensive investment at the beginning both in terms of software and implementation. Although, the final result expected to compensate the company <ref name="BIM"></ref>. Research have shown that the successful implementation of 4D-planning, results into 5% savings in cost growth, 4% savings in schedule growth and 65% reduction in rework <ref name="barriers">S. M. Ahmed, H. H. Emam AND P. Farrell, (2014). "''Barriers to BIM/4D Implementation in Qatar''". 1st Int’l Conference on Smart, Sustainable and Healthy Cities [CIB-MENA-14, Abu Dhabi, UAE]		As in every breakthrough there are challenges that need to be addressed in order to achieve a successful implementation. One of the most important prerequisites is the initial investment cost that is required. The setup of 4D-planning considered a relatively expensive investment at the beginning both in terms of software and implementation. Although, the final result expected to compensate the company <ref name="BIM"></ref>. Research have shown that the successful implementation of 4D-planning, results into 5% savings in cost growth, 4% savings in schedule growth and 65% reduction in rework <ref name="barriers">S. M. Ahmed, H. H. Emam AND P. Farrell, (2014). "''Barriers to BIM/4D Implementation in Qatar''". 1st Int’l Conference on Smart, Sustainable and Healthy Cities [CIB-MENA-14, Abu Dhabi, UAE]
	[URL: file:///C:/Users/PC/Downloads/BIM%204D%20Barriers.pdf]</ref>. However, companies still seem to hesitate due to lack of experience and knowledge pertaining to BIM technology <ref name="survey"></ref>. Furthermore, it worth noting that 4D-BIM cannot improve the quality of a project planning if the initial planning competences of the corresponding team are lacking.		[URL: file:///C:/Users/PC/Downloads/BIM%204D%20Barriers.pdf]</ref>. However, companies still seem to hesitate due to lack of experience and knowledge pertaining to BIM technology <ref name="survey"></ref>. Furthermore, it worth noting that 4D-BIM cannot improve the quality of a project planning if the initial planning competences of the corresponding team are lacking.

Alexandra Darmaraki: /* Quality of schedule */

2017-06-21T21:21:28Z

Quality of schedule

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	===Quality of schedule===		===Quality of schedule===
	Undeniably, 4D planning enhances the overall quality of the schedule and consequently of the project. The schedule consists of numerous activities that their relationship and construction sequence is not always well planned <ref name="value"></ref>. Missing activities or relationships between them can be tracked through simulations, verifying the reliability of the schedule and [[Minimizing Risk and Uncertainties in Construction Projects]]. In addition, the construction progress is swiftly identified, with a direct and visual method, instead of the traditional bar charts <ref name="acep"></ref>. Hence, the productivity can is improved. Finally, 4D BIM is considered as an additional management asset that offers an innovative promotional advantage comparing to other companies, for instance, in tender periods.		Undeniably, 4D planning enhances the overall quality of the schedule and consequently of the project. The schedule consists of numerous activities that their relationship and construction sequence is not always well planned <ref name="value"></ref>. Missing activities or relationships between them can be tracked through simulations, verifying the reliability of the schedule and [[Minimizing Risk and Uncertainties in Construction Projects]]. In addition, the construction progress is swiftly identified, with a direct and visual method, instead of the traditional bar charts <ref name="acep"></ref>. Hence, the productivity can be improved. Finally, 4D BIM is considered as an additional management asset that offers an innovative promotional advantage comparing to other companies, for instance, in tender periods.

	==Challenges and Barriers==		==Challenges and Barriers==

Alexandra Darmaraki: /* Site management */

2017-06-21T21:15:01Z

Site management

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	===Site management===		===Site management===
	Site logistics is undeniably a challenging sector in construction management. 4D-Planning let planners efficiently manage the site area. More specifically, the locations of large equipment, trailers and other, either permanent or temporal facilities can be evaluated through the model-based ~~scedule~~ <ref name="BIM"></ref> <ref name="autodesk">AU Workshop, Autodesk Univercity. "4D Simulation and Construction Planning". [URL: http://auworkshop.autodesk.com/library/bim-curriculum-construction/4d-simulation-and-construction-planning], (Retrieved on 12 June 2017) </ref>. Through the connection of the 3D models with the construction activity schedules, the manager is able to identify the critical spaces and sequencing requirements <ref name="autodesk"></ref> . Figure 3. shows how the building and the site can be simulated in order to ensure site access, trades stacking and storage locations <ref name="acep">acePLP, "Basics of 4D BIM". [URL: http://www.aceplp.com.sg/bim-cad/4d-bim-services] (Retrieved on 10 June 2017)</ref>. With a site-space conflict analysis,the special constrains are identified and activities that my occur the same time in the same place can be avoided <ref name="BIM"></ref>.		Site logistics is undeniably a challenging sector in construction management. 4D-Planning let planners efficiently manage the site area. More specifically, the locations of large equipment, trailers and other, either permanent or temporal facilities can be evaluated through the model-based schedule <ref name="BIM"></ref> <ref name="autodesk">AU Workshop, Autodesk Univercity. "4D Simulation and Construction Planning". [URL: http://auworkshop.autodesk.com/library/bim-curriculum-construction/4d-simulation-and-construction-planning], (Retrieved on 12 June 2017) </ref>. Through the connection of the 3D models with the construction activity schedules, the manager is able to identify the critical spaces and sequencing requirements <ref name="autodesk"></ref> . Figure 3. shows how the building and the site can be simulated in order to ensure site access, trades stacking and storage locations <ref name="acep">acePLP, "Basics of 4D BIM". [URL: http://www.aceplp.com.sg/bim-cad/4d-bim-services] (Retrieved on 10 June 2017)</ref>. With a site-space conflict analysis, the special constrains are identified and activities that my occur the same time in the same place can be avoided <ref name="BIM"></ref>.

	[[File:site.png\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Figure 3: BIM connects scheduling with site planning <ref name="navis">BIM Navisworks Services [URL: http://mrasbuilt.com/MAB_BIM_Navis.html] (Retrieved on 9 June 2017)</ref> (click to zoom)]]		[[File:site.png\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Figure 3: BIM connects scheduling with site planning <ref name="navis">BIM Navisworks Services [URL: http://mrasbuilt.com/MAB_BIM_Navis.html] (Retrieved on 9 June 2017)</ref> (click to zoom)]]

Alexandra Darmaraki: /* 4D-BIM Context */

2017-06-21T21:13:50Z

4D-BIM Context

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	==4D-BIM Context==		==4D-BIM Context==
	The rapid evolution of technology in conjunction with the high demand for an efficient time and cost planning of buildings, introduces BIM as one of the most promising implementations concerning <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_management Time management]</span> in AEC industry. 4D-Planning is a rising technique that combines the 3D CAD models with construction activities <ref name="value">Dawood, N. and Sikka, S., (2006) "''The Value of Visual 4D Planning in the UK Construction Industry''".University of Teesside, Middlesbrough</ref> in order to adequately bridge the gap between design, construction and scheduling. It is quite common by using the traditional methods of planning like [[Gantt Chart]] and [[The Critical Path Method (CPM)]] to address difficulties regarding synchronization either with the design or with the real time construction. BIM supports such methods of planning reinforcing the reliability of the schedule and creating accurate and detail [[Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)]] based on one source .		The rapid evolution of technology in conjunction with the high demand for an efficient time and cost planning of buildings, introduces BIM as one of the most promising implementations concerning <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_management Time management]</span> in AEC industry. 4D-Planning is a rising technique that combines the 3D CAD models with construction activities <ref name="value">Dawood, N. and Sikka, S., (2006) "''The Value of Visual 4D Planning in the UK Construction Industry''".University of Teesside, Middlesbrough</ref> in order to adequately bridge the gap between design, construction and scheduling. It is quite common by using the traditional methods of planning like [[Gantt Chart]] and [[The Critical Path Method (CPM)]] to address difficulties regarding synchronization either with the design or with the real-time construction. BIM supports such methods of planning reinforcing the reliability of the schedule and creating accurate and detail [[Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)]] based on one source.

	Three approaches have been developed utilizing the contribution of BIM in planning. The first is related to the association of time in the already existing building elements during design phase. More specifically, this can be achieved by specifying the construction phase of each individual element creating a construction sequence that can be easily visualized by virtual simulations of schedule <ref name="BIM"></ref>. Second, analysis tools can be used incorporating BIM components and construction method information with the view to enhance the activity sequence <ref name="BIM"></ref>. The last approach, concerns the association of 4D- planning with the Lean construction and especially in the Last Planner System <ref name="BIM"></ref>.		Three approaches have been developed utilizing the contribution of BIM in planning. The first is related to the association of time in the already existing building elements during design phase. More specifically, this can be achieved by specifying the construction phase of each individual element creating a construction sequence that can be easily visualized by virtual simulations of schedule <ref name="BIM"></ref>. Second, analysis tools can be used incorporating BIM components and construction method information with the view to enhance the activity sequence <ref name="BIM"></ref>. The last approach, concerns the association of 4D- planning with the Lean construction and especially in the Last Planner System <ref name="BIM"></ref>.

Alexandra Darmaraki: /* Background */

2017-06-21T21:13:29Z

Background

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	==Background==		==Background==

	At the moment, more than half of construction projects overcome their agreed time schedules deadlines <ref name="survey">Barry J. Gledson, David J. Greenwood, (2016). "''Surveying the extent and use of 4D BIM in the UK''". ITcon Vol. 21, Gledson & Greenwood [URL: http://www.itcon.org/papers/2016_4.content.02642.pdf]</ref> while using the conventional means of planning. Nowadays AEC Industry is in a transitional phase, where it tries to shift from "2D-based documentation and staged delivery processes to a digital prototype and collaborative work-flow" <ref name="BIM"></ref>. The enhancement of CAD capabilities intends to link design information with business processes <ref name="BIM"></ref>. <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_information_modeling Building information modeling]</span> is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics <ref name="what is BIM">National Institute of Building Services (2014). "Frequently Asked Questions About the National BIM Standard-United States, National Standards-United States". Pat. [URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20141021154645/http://www.nationalbimstandard.org/faq.php]. Retrieved on 9 June 2017.</ref> and a key process for this achievement. BIM process consists of 7 distentions that designate a more efficient way not only to design but also to plan, construct and manage buildings through a holistic approach and model-based information. Figure 1. shows the 7-dimensions of BIM.		At the moment, more than half of construction projects overcome their agreed time schedules deadlines <ref name="survey">Barry J. Gledson, David J. Greenwood, (2016). "''Surveying the extent and use of 4D BIM in the UK''". ITcon Vol. 21, Gledson & Greenwood [URL: http://www.itcon.org/papers/2016_4.content.02642.pdf]</ref> while using the conventional means of planning. Nowadays AEC Industry is in a transitional phase, where it tries to shift from "2D-based documentation and staged delivery processes to a digital prototype and collaborative work-flow" <ref name="BIM"></ref>. The enhancement of CAD capabilities intends to link design information with business processes <ref name="BIM"></ref>. <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_information_modeling Building information modeling]</span> is a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics <ref name="what is BIM">National Institute of Building Services (2014). "Frequently Asked Questions About the National BIM Standard-United States, National Standards-United States". Pat. [URL: https://web.archive.org/web/20141021154645/http://www.nationalbimstandard.org/faq.php]. Retrieved on 9 June 2017.</ref> and a key process for this achievement. BIM process consists of seven distentions that designate a more efficient way not only to design but also to plan, construct and manage buildings through a holistic approach and model-based information. Figure 1. shows the 7-dimensions of BIM.

	[[File:7D.png\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Figure 1: Seven-dimensions of Building Information Modelling (click to zoom)]]		[[File:7D.png\|thumb\|right\|300px\|Figure 1: Seven-dimensions of Building Information Modelling (click to zoom)]]